Olivia de Havilland - Olivia de Havilland

Dame

Olivia de Havilland

DBE
Olivia DeHavilland-2.JPG
1945 yilda de Havilland
Tug'ilgan
Olivia Mary de Havilland

(1916-07-01)1916 yil 1-iyul
Tokio, Yaponiya imperiyasi
O'ldi2020 yil 26-iyul(2020-07-26) (104 yosh)
Parij, Frantsiya
Boshqa ismlarLivvi
Fuqarolik
  • Birlashgan Qirollik
  • Qo'shma Shtatlar
  • Frantsiya
KasbAktrisa
Faol yillar1934–2009
Turmush o'rtoqlar
​
​
(m. 1946; div 1953)​
Per Galante
​
​
(m. 1955; div 1979)​
Bolalar2
Ota-ona (lar)
Qarindoshlar
MukofotlarTo'liq ro'yxat
Imzo
Olivia de Havilland Signature.png

Oliviya Meri de Havillandning ismi DBE (/dəˈhævɪlengd/; 1916 yil 1-iyul - 2020 yil 26-iyul) ingliz-amerikalik aktrisa edi. 1935 yildan 1988 yilgacha uning kinematografiya karerasining asosiy asarlari.[1] U 49 badiiy filmda suratga tushgan va o'z davrining etakchi aktrisalaridan biri bo'lgan. U ulardan biri edi tirik qolgan so'nggi yirik yulduzlar dan Gollivud kinosining oltin davri va eng qadimgi va omon qolgan eng qadimgi Oskar mukofoti sovrindori 2020 yil iyulida vafotigacha. Uning singlisi aktrisa edi Joan Fonteyn.

De Havilland birinchi bo'lib taniqli bo'lgan Errol Flinn kabi sarguzasht filmlarida ekran juftligi sifatida Kapitan qon (1935) va Robin Gudning sarguzashtlari (1938). Uning eng taniqli rollaridan biri bu Melani Xemilton yilda Shamol bilan ketdim (1939), u uchun u birinchi beshligini oldi Oskar nominatsiyalar, faqat bitta Eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktrisa. De Havilland jo'nab ketdi ingénue 1940-yillarda rol o'ynagan va keyinchalik chiqishlari bilan ajralib turardi Tongni ushlab turing (1941), Har kimga tegishli (1946), Ilon qudug'i (1948) va Voris (1949), uchun nomzodlarni qabul qilish Eng yaxshi aktrisa har biri uchun va g'alaba qozonish uchun Har kimga tegishli va Voris. Shuningdek, u sahnada va televidenieda ishlashda muvaffaqiyat qozondi. De Havilland 1950-yillardan Parijda yashagan va shu kabi sharaflarga sazovor bo'lgan Milliy san'at medali, Légion d'honneur va tayinlash Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni qo'mondoni.

Uning kino karerasidan tashqari, de Gavilland teatrdagi ishini davom ettirdi, uch marta paydo bo'ldi Broadway, yilda Romeo va Juliet (1951), Candida (1952) va Vaqt sovg'asi (1962). U televizorda ham ishlagan, muvaffaqiyatli mini-seriallarda paydo bo'lgan Ildizlar: Keyingi avlodlar (1979) va Anastasiya: Anna sirlari (1986), buning uchun u a Primetime Emmy mukofoti nominatsiyasi va g'olib bo'ldi Oltin globus mukofoti televizion film yoki serialning eng yaxshi ikkinchi darajali aktrisasi uchun. Filmdagi faoliyati davomida, de Shuningdek, Xavilend ikkitasini yig'di Nyu-York kinoshunoslari to'garagi Mukofotlar, Eng yaxshi aktrisa uchun Milliy sharh mukofoti, va Venetsiya kinofestivali Volpi kubogi. Kino sanoatiga qo'shgan hissasi uchun u yulduzni oldi Gollivudning Shon-sharaf xiyoboni. U va uning singlisi yagona bo'lib qolmoqda aka-uka va aktyorlar asosiy aktyorlik mukofotiga sazovor bo'lishdi va Oskar mukofotlarini qo'lga kiritgan yagona opa-singillar.

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Tug'ilishi bilan Olivia a'zosi bo'lgan De Havilland oilasi materik Normandiyadan kelib chiqqan quruqlikka tegishli edi. Onasi, Lilian Fonteyn (nee Ruse; 1886–1975),[2] da tahsil olgan Qirollik dramatik san'at akademiyasi Londonda va sahna aktrisasi bo'ldi.[3] Lilian ham qo'shiq aytdi Qirol musiqasining ustasi, Ser Valter Parratt va bastakor bilan Angliyani aylanib chiqdi Ralf Vaughan Uilyams.[4] Oliviyaning otasi, Valter de Havilland (1872–1968) da ingliz professori bo'lib xizmat qilgan Imperial universiteti a bo'lishidan oldin Tokio shahrida patent vakili.[3] Uning otasi amakivachchasi edi Ser Jefri de Havilland (1882–1965),[5] samolyot dizayneri va asoschisi de Havilland samolyot kompaniyasi.[6]

Lilian va Valter 1913 yilda Yaponiyada uchrashib, keyingi yil turmush qurishgan;[7] Valterning xiyonati tufayli bu nikoh baxtli bo'lmagan.[8] Olivia Mary de Gavilland 1916 yil 1-iyulda tug'ilgan.[3] Ular Tokio shahridagi katta uyga ko'chib o'tdilar, u erda Lilian norasmiy qo'shiq kuylash marosimlarini o'tkazdi.[7] Oliviyaning singlisi Joan (Joan de Buvoir de Havilland) - keyinchalik aktrisa sifatida tanilgan Joan Fonteyn ‍ - ‌15 oy o'tgach, 1917 yil 22 oktyabrda tug'ilgan. Ikkala opa-singil ham fuqarolar bo'lishdi Birlashgan Qirollik avtomatik ravishda tug'ilish huquqi.[9]

1919 yil fevralda Lilian erini kasal bo'lgan qizlariga qulayroq iqlim sharoitida oilani Angliyaga qaytarib olishga ishontirdi.[8] Ular kemada suzib ketishdi SS Sibir Maru ga San-Fransisko,[9] bu erda oila Oliviyani davolash uchun to'xtadi tonzillit.[10] Joan rivojlanganidan keyin zotiljam, Lilian Kaliforniyada qizlari bilan qolishga qaror qildi, u erda ular oxir-oqibat qishloqqa joylashdilar Saratoga, San-Frantsisko janubidan 50 mil (80 km).[11][Izoh 1] Uning otasi oilani tashlab, yaponiyalik uy bekasiga qaytib keldi va u oxir-oqibat uning ikkinchi xotini bo'ldi.[11][15]

Saratonadagi Lundblad turar joyi, u erda oila bir muddat yashagan

Olivia to'rt yoshida balet darslari va bir yildan keyin pianino darslari bilan boshlanib, san'atni qadrlash uchun tarbiyalangan.[16] U olti yoshidan oldin o'qishni o'rgandi,[17] va vaqti-vaqti bilan drama, musiqa va hokazolardan dars beradigan onasi ko'chirish,[18] uning parchalarini aytib berishini so'radi Shekspir uni kuchaytirish uchun diktsiya.[16][Izoh 2] Bu davrda uning singlisi Joan birinchi marta uni "Livvi" deb atay boshladi, bu uning butun umri davomida davom etadigan laqabi edi.[16] De Gavilland 1922 yilda Saratoga grammatika maktabiga o'qishga kirdi va o'qishda yaxshi natijalarga erishdi.[13] U o'qish, she'rlar yozish va rasm chizishni yaxshi ko'rar edi va bir vaqtlar grafika maktabini imlo asalarilarida namoyish etib, ikkinchi o'rinni egalladi.[13] 1923 yilda Lilian yangi edi Tudor - uslubiy uy qurilgan,[13] bu erda 1930-yillarning boshlariga qadar oila yashagan.[20] 1925 yil aprelda, ajrashish tugagandan so'ng, Lilian O-ning universal do'koni menejeri Jorj Milan Fonteynga uylandi. A. Hale & Co. San-Xose.[21] Fonteyn yaxshi provayder va obro'li ishbilarmon edi, ammo ota-onaning qat'iy uslubi yangi o'gay qizlarining ikkalasida ham adovat va keyinchalik isyon tug'dirdi.[22][3-eslatma]

15 yoshida
De Havilland sahna asarida Alice Wonderland-da, 1933

De Gavilland o'qishni davom ettirdi Los Gatos o'rta maktabi Saratoga shahridagi uyi yaqinida.[22] U erda u juda yaxshi edi notiqlik san'ati va maydonli xokkey maktab spektakllarida va maktab drama to'garagida qatnashdi va oxir-oqibat klub kotibi bo'ldi.[24] Ingliz tili va nutq bo'yicha maktab o'qituvchisi bo'lishni rejalashtirgan holda,[22] u ham qatnashdi Notr-Dam monastiri yilda Belmont.[25]

1933 yilda o'spirin de Havilland o'zining havaskor teatrida debyutini boshladi Alice Wonderland-da tomonidan yozilgan Saratoga jamoat o'yinchilarining romani asosida ishlab chiqarilgan Lyuis Kerol.[24] Shuningdek, u bir nechta maktab o'yinlarida, shu jumladan Venetsiya savdogari va Hansel va Gretel.[26] Uning dramaturgiyaga bo'lgan ishtiyoqi oxir-oqibat o'gay otasi bilan to'qnashuvga olib keldi, u uni maktabdan tashqari ishlarda qatnashishni taqiqladi.[27] Uning bosh rolni egallaganligini bilganida Elizabeth Bennet maktab fondini yig'ish ishlab chiqarishida Jeyn Ostin "s G'urur va noto'g'ri aqida, u unga uyda qolish yoki ishlab chiqarishda paydo bo'lish va uyga ruxsat berilmaslik o'rtasida tanlov qilish kerakligini aytdi.[27] Maktabini va sinfdoshlarini tinch qo'yishni istamay, u oilaviy do'sti bilan birga yashab, uydan chiqib ketdi.[27]

1934 yilda o'rta maktabni tugatgandan so'ng, de Havillandga stipendiya taklif qilindi Mills kolleji yilda Oklend tanlagan kasbini ingliz tili o'qituvchisi sifatida davom ettirish.[28] Unga rolni taklif qilishdi Puck Shekspirning Saratoga jamoat teatrida Yoz kechasi tushi.[24] O'sha yozda avstriyalik rejissyor Maks Raynxardt premyerasi uchun xuddi shu spektaklning katta yangi asari uchun Kaliforniyaga kelgan Gollivud kubogi.[28] Raynxardtning yordamchilaridan biri uning Saratoga shahrida chiqishlarini ko'rgach, u unga ikkinchi darajali rolni taklif qildi Hermiya.[28] Premyeradan bir hafta oldin, talabalar Jan Rouverol va bosh aktrisa Gloriya Styuart ikkalasi ham 18 yoshli de qoldirib, loyihani tark etishdi Germiyani o'ynash uchun Havilland.[28] Raynxardt o'zining chiqishidan ta'sirlanib, unga keyingi to'rt haftalik kuzgi turda qatnashishni taklif qildi.[28] Ushbu ekskursiya davomida Reynxardt rahbarlik qilish to'g'risida xabar oldi Warner Bros. uning sahna asarining film versiyasi va u unga Hermiyaning film rolini taklif qildi. Uning fikri bilan hali ham o'qituvchi bo'lishni maqsad qilgan Gavilland dastlab ikkilanib turdi, ammo oxir-oqibat Reynxardt va ijrochi prodyuser Genri Blank uni 1934 yil 12-noyabrda Warner Bros. bilan 50 yillik ishlarni davom ettiradigan professional aktyorlik karerasini boshlagan haftasiga 200 dollarlik boshlang'ich maosh bilan besh yillik shartnoma imzolashga ko'ndirdi.[29]

Karyera

1935–1937: Dastlabki filmlar

De Gavilland o'zining ekrandagi debyutini Reynxardtda o'tkazgan Yoz kechasi tushi,[30] 1934 yil 19 dekabrdan 1935 yil 9 martgacha Warner Brothersstudios-da suratga olingan.[31] Ishlab chiqarish jarayonida de Gavilland filmning rejissyoridan kino aktyorlik texnikasini oldi Uilyam Diterl va operatorlardan kameralar texnikasi Hal Mohr, uning ishi bilan bog'liq savollaridan hayratda qolgan. Suratga olishning oxiriga kelib, u yorug'lik va kamera burchaklarining ekranda qanday paydo bo'lishiga va eng yaxshi yoritishni topishga ta'sirini bilib oldi.[32] Premeralardan so'ng Nyu-York shahri va Beverli Xillz, film 1935 yil 30 oktyabrda chiqarilgan.[31] Reklama kampaniyasiga qaramay, film tomoshabinlarda unchalik ishtiyoq yaratmadi.[30] Tanqidiy munosabat har xil bo'lgan bo'lsa-da, de Gavillandning ijrosi yuqori baholandi San-Fransisko imtihonchisi tanqidchi.[33] Uning sharhida Bruklin Daily Eagle, Uinston Burdett "mehribonlik bilan ish tutishini va unga nisbatan ko'proq adolatli bo'lishini" yozgan Shekspir aktyorlar tarkibidagi boshqalardan ko'ra tili ".[34] Ikkita kichik komediyalar, Alibi Ike bilan Jo E. Braun va Irlandlar bizda (ikkalasi ham 1935) bilan Jeyms Keyni.[35] Ikkala filmda ham u yoqimli va maftunkor muhabbat qiziqishini o'ynadi - keyinchalik u asosiy rolga aylanadigan rolni ijro etdi.[36] Reinhardt futbolchisi bo'lish tajribasidan so'ng, de Gavilend ushbu odatiy qahramon rollariga tayinlanganidan hafsalasi pir bo'lgan.[30][37] Mart oyida, de Xavilland va onasi Gollivudning Franklin prospektidagi 6626-chi uyda Chateau des Fleurs kvartirasiga ko'chib o'tishdi.[38]

Climbing a ladder wearing a pirate's outfit
Ommaviy fotosurat, 1935 yil

Garchi Warner Brothers studiyasi kabi ko'plab kostyumli filmlar deb taxmin qilgan ediMGM ilgari ishlab chiqarilgan yillar davomida hech qachon muvaffaqiyat qozonmaydi Amerika Buyuk Depressiyasi, ular baribir ishlab chiqarish orqali imkoniyatni qo'lga kiritishdi Kapitan qon (shuningdek, 1935).[39]:63 Film a chayqovchi romani asosida aksiya dramasi Rafael Sabatini va rejissyor Maykl Kurtiz.[39]:63 Kapitan qon o'sha paytlarda unchalik taniqli bo'lmagan bit-qism aktyor va sobiq qo'shimcha rollarni ijro etdi, Errol Flinn, taniqli de Havilland bilan birga.[40][41] Kino tarixchisining so'zlariga ko'ra Toni Tomas, ikkala aktyorda ham "mumtoz qiyofa, madaniyatli so'zlovchi ovozlar va ular haqida uzoq aristokratiya hissi" bo'lgan.[42] 1935 yil 5-avgustdan 29-oktabrgacha suratga olingan,[43] Kapitan qon de berdi Gavill o'zining go'zalligi va nafisligini inobatga olgan holda o'zining birinchi kostyumli tarixiy romantikasi va sarguzasht eposida paydo bo'lish imkoniyatiga ega edi.[44] Filmda u Yamayka plantatsiyalari egasining jiyani Arabella Bishopni o'ynagan, u auksionda servitutga noto'g'ri hukm qilingan irlandiyalik shifokorni sotib olgan. De o'rtasida ekrandagi kimyo Gavilland va Flinn birga bo'lgan birinchi sahnalaridan ko'rinib turardi,[44] bu erda uning xarakteridagi ruhiy hauteur va uning qahramonining o'ynoqi maqtanchoqlik o'rtasidagi to'qnashuvlar ularning bir-biriga bo'lgan qiziqishini yashirmadi.[45][4-eslatma] Arabella - bu nimani xohlashini biladigan va bu uchun kurashishga tayyor, jozibali yosh ayol.[46] Filmdagi o'zaro almashinuvlarning ohangdor ohanglari - "sog'lom berish va olish va o'zaro hurmat" - keyingi filmlarda ularning ekrandagi aloqalari uchun asos bo'ldi.[45] Kapitan qon 1935 yil 28-dekabrda chiqarilgan,[43] yaxshi sharhlar va keng jamoatchilik murojaatiga sazovor bo'ldi.[47] De Gavillandning ijrosi alohida ta'kidlandi The New York Times va Turli xillik.[48][49] Film to'rtlikka nomzod bo'lgan Oskar mukofotlari Eng yaxshi film, shu jumladan.[50] Filmning mashhur muvaffaqiyati, shuningdek ekrandagi juftlikka tanqidiy munosabat etti qo'shimcha hamkorlikka olib keldi.[44]

De Gavilland paydo bo'ldi Mervin LeRoy "s tarixiy drama Entoni Advers (1936) bilan Fredrik Mart.[51] Tomonidan mashhur roman asosida Hervi Allen, film Shotlandiyalik savdogar tomonidan tarbiyalangan etimning sarguzashtlarini aks ettiradi, uning omadga intilishi uni sevgan begunoh dehqon qizidan ajratib turadi, uylanadi va oxir-oqibat yo'qotadi.[52] De Gavilland dehqon qizi Anjelani o'ynagan, u qul-savdogar eridan ajralib, opera yulduziga aylanadi Mademoiselle Georges, bekasi Napoleon.[53] Film "Oskar" mukofotining oltita nominatsiyasini qo'lga kiritdi, shu jumladan "Eng yaxshi film".[54] Bu de to'plandi Gavilland yaxshi ta'sir va vaqt o'tishi bilan rivojlanib boradigan personajni tasvirlash imkoniyati.[55] Xovard Barns New York Herald Tribune uning keyingi sahnalarini Mademoiselle Georges "unchalik ishonchli emas" deb topdi,[56] ammo Frank S. Nugent The New York Times uni "g'olib Anjela" deb atagan.[57] O'sha yili u Flinn bilan Maykl Kurtizning davriy filmida yana birlashdi Yorug'lik brigadasining to'lovi (shuningdek, 1936), davomida o'rnatilgan Qrim urushi[58][59] bu kassa xitiga aylandi.[60]

Filmni ishlab chiqarish paytida, de Gavilland Warner Bros. bilan shartnomani qayta ko'rib chiqdi va 1936 yil 14 aprelda haftalik ish haqi 500 dollar (2019 yilda 9200 dollarga teng) bo'lgan etti yillik shartnomani imzoladi.[61][5-eslatma] Yil oxiriga kelib, 20 yoshli de Gavilland va uning onasi ko'chadagi 2337 Nella Vista avenyusiga ko'chib o'tdilar Los Feliz Los-Anjelesning bo'limi.[63]

Tabassum
Yilda Buni kun deb nomlang, 1937

De Havilland o'zining birinchi eng yaxshi hisob-kitoblarini amalga oshirdi Archi Mayo komediya Buni kun deb nomlang (1937),[64] romantik effektlari bilan kurashayotgan o'rta sinf ingliz oilasi haqida bahorgi isitma bir kun davomida.[65] De Gavilland o'zining portretini chizish uchun yollangan kelishgan chiroyli rassomni sevib qolgan qizi Ketrin Xiltonni ijro etdi.[65] Film kassada yaxshi natija bermadi va uning karerasini ko'tarish uchun ozgina yordam berdi.[66] U Mayoga qaraganda yaxshiroq edi vidbolli komediya Bu Men Sevganim (shuningdek, 1937) bilan Lesli Xovard va Bette Devis.[67] De Gavilland Barrymorga o'xshagan ertalabki kumirga mahliyo bo'lgan yosh debyutant va teatr muxlisi Marcia Westni o'ynadi, u o'zini jirkanch kadas qilib ko'rsatib, qizning kuyoviga yordam berishga qaror qildi.[68] Film yaxshi sharhlarni oldi Turli xillik uni "yangi, zukko, juda yaxshi boshqarilgan va ishlab chiqarilgan va boshidan oxirigacha chertgan ansambl tomonidan ijro etilgan" deb atash va de-ni maqtash Gavilland.[69]

1937 yil davomida de bilan yana bir davr filmi ham chiqdi Havilland, bilan boshlanadi Buyuk Garrick, xayoliy romantik komediya 18-asr ingliz aktyorining rashkchi futbolchilar bilan uchrashuvi haqida Comedi-Française uni Parijga ketayotganda sharmanda qilishni rejalashtirgan.[70] Garrik ularning hiyla-nayranglari bilan hiyla-nayrang bilan birga o'ynaydi va hatto so'nggi yosh kulgili aristokratga kulishni xohladi. Gavilendlik Germeyn Dupont, u uni o'yinchilardan biri deb adashgan.[71] Uning nozik xulq-atvori va diksiyasi bilan,[66] de Gudill Kassning so'zlariga ko'ra, Havilland "yengil va puxta ishonadigan" spektakl namoyish etadi.[72] Turli xillik filmni maqtab, uni "yuqori darajadagi mahoratning ishlab chiqarilishi" deb atadi.[73][74] Ijobiy sharhlarga qaramay, film kassalarda yaxshi natija bermadi.[74][6-eslatma] The Maykl Kurtiz - yo'naltirilgan romantik drama Oltin qaerdan topasiz[77] 19-asr oxiridagi mojaro haqida film Sakramento vodiysi oltin qazib oluvchilar va ularning gidravlik uskunalari bilan erlari suv ostida qolgan fermerlar o'rtasida.[78] De Gavilland suv toshqini uchun mas'ul bo'lgan kon muhandisiga muhabbat qo'yadigan fermer Serena Ferrisning qizini o'ynagan.[79] Film 1938 yil fevral oyida chiqdi,[80] va uning birinchi ko'rinishi edi Texnik rang film.[77]

1938–1940: Kino yulduzi

1937 yil sentyabr oyida de Havillandni Warner Bros. studiyasi rahbari tanlagan Jek L. Uorner o'ynash Xizmatkor Marian qarshisida Errol Flinn Robin Gudning sarguzashtlari (1938).[81] Ushbu Technicolor mahsulotining asosiy fotosuratlari 1937 yil 26 sentyabr va 1938 yil 14 yanvar kunlari bo'lib o'tdi Biduell parki, Bush bog'lari va Sherwood ko'li Kaliforniyada.[82] Rejissor Uilyam Keighli Maykl Kurtiz va film afsonaviy sakson ritsari haqida, buzuq va shafqatsizlarga qarshi chiqadi Shahzoda Jon va uning Normand lordlari yaxshi Qirol Richard chet elda jang qilmoqda Uchinchi salib yurishi.[83] Podshoh palatasi Maid Marian dastlab Robin Xudga qarshi chiqadi, ammo keyinchalik uning ezilgan xalqiga yordam berish haqidagi asl niyatlarini bilib, uni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[84] [85] Voqealarni shunchaki kuzatib turadigan Marian o'z hayotini xavf ostiga qo'yib, Robinni qutqarish uchun odamlariga reja taqdim etib, uni qutqaradi.[86] De tomonidan belgilab qo'yilganidek Gavilland, Marian - bu ham go'zal ertak qahramoni, ham muallif Judit Kassning so'zlariga ko'ra, "uning harakatlari uning aqli va yuragi bilan boshqariladigan" ruhiy, aqlli ayol.[87] Robin Gudning sarguzashtlari 1938 yil 14-mayda chiqarilgan,[82] va darhol tanqidiy va tijorat muvaffaqiyatiga erishdi va "Oskar" mukofotining "Eng yaxshi film" nominatsiyasini qo'lga kiritdi. U filmning eng mashhur sarguzasht filmlaridan biriga aylandi Klassik Gollivud davr.[88][89]

Muvaffaqiyat Robin Gudning sarguzashtlari ko'tarilgan de Havillandning maqomi, ammo bu uning keyingi Warner Bros-dagi film topshiriqlarida aks ettirilmagan.[66] Uning keyingi bir nechta rollari odatiy va unchalik qiyin bo'lmagan.[66] Romantik komediyada To'rt kishi olomon (shuningdek, 1938 yil), u Lorri Dillingvellni, ditzi boy qizni uyg'unlik bilan romantikada o'ynagan jamoat bilan aloqa ekssentrik bobosi bilan hisob-kitob qilishni xohlayotgan kishi.[90] Yilda Rey Enright romantik komediya Olish qiyin (1938), u yana bir ditzi boy qiz Margaret Richards rolini ijro etdi, uning yonilg'i quyish shoxobchasidan qasos olishni istashi o'zining kelajagiga olib keladi.[91] 1938 yilning yozida u AQSh dengiz flotining ikki uchuvchi birodarlari o'rtasidagi muhabbatni tasvirlab berdi Dengiz kuchlarining qanotlari, 1939 yil boshida chiqarilgan.[92] De de Gudill Kassning so'zlariga ko'ra, Gavilland, albatta, ushbu turdagi obrazlarni o'ynashga qodir edi, uning fe'l-atvori kuchli va dramatik rollarga yaxshi mos tushgan.[93] Bu vaqtga kelib, de Gavilland "Warner Bros" dagi faoliyatiga jiddiy shubha bilan qaragan.[94][95]

Ba'zi kino olimlari 1939 yilni Klassik kinematografiyaning oltin davrining eng yuqori nuqtasi deb bilishadi,[96] mukofotga sazovor bo'lgan, ko'plab janrlarda, shu jumladan G'arbda kassa xitlarini ishlab chiqarish.[97][7-eslatma] Warner Bros. Maykl Kurtizning Technicolor sarguzashtini tayyorladi Dodj Siti (1939), Flinn va de Gavillandning birinchi g'arbiy filmi.[97] Davomida o'rnatiladi Amerika fuqarolar urushi, film shafqatsiz qonunbuzarlikning guvohi bo'lgan Texas shtatidagi trailblazer haqida Dodj Siti, Kanzas va shaharni tozalash uchun sherifga aylanadi. De Gavilland Abbini Irvingni o'ynagan, uning Flinn obrazi Ueyd Xettonga bo'lgan dastlabki dushmanligi voqealar ta'sirida o'zgarib turadi va ikkalasi bir-birini sevib qoladi - endi ularning ekrandagi aloqalarining isbotlangan formulasi.[98] Curtizning harakatlari ketma-ketligi, Sol Polito's kinematografiya, Maks Shtayner keng film ballari va, ehtimol, "film tarixidagi aniq salon janjallari"[97] barchasi filmning muvaffaqiyatiga hissa qo'shdi.[99] Turli xillik filmni "harakatga to'lgan g'arbiy g'arbiy" deb ta'rifladi.[100] De uchun Gavilland, cheklangan rolda yana bir marotaba muhabbat qiziqishini o'ynab, Dodj Siti mansabidagi hissiy past nuqtani shu nuqtaga qadar ifodalagan.[101] Keyinchalik u: "Men shunday tushkun ahvolda edimki, satrlarimni zo'rg'a eslay olmadim".[98]

Wearing a flowing dress and bonnet
Uchun studiyaning reklama portreti Shamol bilan ketdim, 1939

1938 yil 18-noyabrdagi hamkasbiga yozgan maktubida film prodyuseri Devid O. Selznik deb yozgan edi, "Agar bizda Oliviya de bo'lsa, men hamma narsani beraman Gavilland biz bilan shartnoma tuzdi, shunda biz uni Melani rolida o'ynashimiz mumkin edi. "[102] U suratga olishga tayyorlanayotgan film edi Shamol bilan ketdim, va Jek L. Uorner uni loyihaga qarz berishni xohlamadi.[103] De Gavilland bu romanni o'qigan va Skarlett O'Hara rolini istagan boshqa aktrisalardan farqli o'laroq, u o'ynashni xohlagan Melani Xemilton ‍ - ‌ bu xarakter, u tinch qadr-qimmati va ichki kuchini tushungan va o'zini ekranda jonlantirishini his qilgan.[104]

De Xavilland Uornerning rafiqasi Annadan yordam so'rab murojaat qildi.[105] Keyinchalik Uorner shunday esladi: "O'sha ochqo'zga o'xshash ko'zlar ortida miyasi kompyuter kabi yashiringan Oliviya shunchaki xotinimga bordi va ular mening fikrimni o'zgartirish uchun birlashdilar".[106] Warner tavba qildi va 1939 yil 26 yanvarda asosiy fotosuratlar boshlanishidan bir necha hafta oldin Havilland loyihaga imzo chekdi.[107] Fuqarolar urushi va qayta qurish davrlarida Amerikaning janubida suratga olingan film Jorjia plantatsiyalari egasining irodali qizi, qaynotasi Melani eriga muhabbat bilan qaraydi, uning mehribonligi ularnikidan keskin farq qiladi. uning atrofida. Kino tarixchisi Toni Tomasning so'zlariga ko'ra, de Havillandning mohirona va nozik ijrosi bu fidoyi muhabbat va jimjitlik kuchini ushbu filmni butun hayot davomida uni hayotiy va qiziqarli ushlab turadigan tarzda samarali namoyish etadi.[108] Shamol bilan ketdim 1939 yil 15 dekabrda Jorjiya shtatining Atlanta shahrida o'zining birinchi premyerasi bo'lib o'tdi va yaxshi kutib olindi.[107] Frank S. Nugent The New York Times deb yozgan Gavillandning Melani "muloyim, obro'li va muloyim xarakterli marvarid",[109] va Jon C. Flinn Sr. Turli xillik uni "taniqli" deb atagan.[110] Film 10 ta "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi, shu jumladan "Eng yaxshi film" va de Gavilland "Ikkinchi darajali ikkinchi darajali aktrisa" nominatsiyasini oldi.[111][112]

Melani boshqacha edi. U juda juda chuqur ayollik fazilatlariga ega edi ... Men o'sha paytda juda xavf ostida bo'lganimni his qildim va ular nasldan naslga o'tib, qandaydir tarzda ularni saqlab qolish kerak va shuning uchun men uning rolini talqin qilmoqchi edim. ... Asosiysi, u doimo boshqa odamni o'ylardi, men uchun qiziq tomoni shundaki, u baxtli odam edi ... mehribon, rahmdil.[13]

— Olivia de Havilland
Wearing a silver dress and broach
Uchun studiyaning reklama portreti Santa Fe Trail, 1940

Uning ishini tugatgandan so'ng bir necha kun ichida Shamol bilan ketdim 1939 yil iyun oyida de Gavilland Warner Bros.ga qaytib keldi va Maykl Kurtizning tarixiy dramasini suratga olishga kirishdi Elizabeth va Essexning shaxsiy hayoti (shuningdek, 1939) Bette Devis va Errol Flinn bilan.[113] U Selznikning obro'li rasmidagi ishi Warner Bros-da birinchi darajali rollarga olib keladi deb umid qilgan edi, ammo buning o'rniga u uchinchi o'rinni egalladi hisob-kitob sarlavha ostida malika kabi kutib turgan ayol.[114] Sentyabr oyi boshida unga qarz berishdi Samuel Goldwyn Productions uchun Sem Vud romantik caper film Raffles (shuningdek, 1939) bilan Devid Niven,[115] yuqori jamiyat haqida kriketchi va marvarid o'g'ri.[116] Keyinchalik u: "Mening u uslubdagi film bilan hech qanday aloqam yo'q edi", deb shikoyat qildi.[117]

1940 yil boshlarida de Gavilland unga tayinlangan bir nechta filmlarda suratga tushishdan bosh tortdi va birinchi bo'lib uni studiyada to'xtatib qo'yishni boshladi.[117] U o'ynashga rozi bo'ldi Kertis Bernxardt musiqiy komediya dramasi Mening sevgim qaytib keldi (1940) bilan Jeffri Lin va Eddi Albert Klassik musiqa talabasi rolini ijro etgan, musiqiy musiqa guruhi ijrochisi. De Gavilland skripkachi Ameliya Kornellni ijro etdi, uning hayoti badavlat homiyning ko'magi bilan murakkablashadi.[117][8-eslatma] Uning sharhida The New York Times, Bosley Crowther filmni "tuklar shovqini, mazali ishorali bema'nilikning aylanadigan aylanasi" deb ta'rifladi. Havilland "rolni tezkorlik va zukkolik bilan ijro etadi".[119] O'sha yili, de Gavilland Flinn bilan birgalikda oltinchi filmida, Maykl Kurtizning G'arbdagi sarguzashtida yana birlashdilar Santa Fe Trail, abolitionist fonida o'rnatildi Jon Braunningniki Amerika fuqarolar urushi boshlanishidan bir necha kun oldin qullikka qarshi fanatik hujumlar.[120] Ko'pincha xayoliy voqea G'arbiy nuqta kursantlar J. E. B. Styuart, Flinn o'ynagan va Jorj Armstrong Kuster, o'ynagan Ronald Reygan, ular g'arb tomon yo'l olisharkan, ikkalasi ham mehr-muhabbat uchun kurashmoqdalar Gavillendning to'plami Karson Xolldeydi.[120] O'ynash vositasi provokatsion, yonoq tilida, de Toni Tomasning so'zlariga ko'ra, Havilland haqiqiy mohiyat va o'lchov xarakterini yaratadi.[121] 1940 yil 13 dekabrda bo'lib o'tgan jahon premyerasidan so'ng Ob'ektiv teatr yilda Santa Fe, Nyu-Meksiko ‍ - aktyorlar tarkibi, muxbirlar, gubernator va 60 mingdan ortiq muxlislar tashrif buyurishadi [122] ‍—‌ Santa Fe Trail 1940 yilning eng ko'p daromad keltirgan filmlaridan biriga aylandi.[123] De Flinn bilan Santa Fega boradigan poezdda sayohat qilishda birga bo'lgan Gavilland premyerada qatnashmadi, unga tashxis qo'yilgan appenditsit o'sha kuni ertalab va operatsiyaga shoshildi.[122]

1941–1944 yillar: Urush yillari va sud jarayoni

Uning shoshilinch operatsiyasidan so'ng, de Los-Anjelesdagi kasalxonada Gavilland uzoq vaqt tuzalishni boshladi, shu vaqt ichida u Warner Bros tomonidan unga taklif qilingan bir nechta stsenariylarni rad etib, yana bir bor to'xtatib qo'ydi.[124] U 1941 yilda chiqarilgan uch tijorat maqsadlarida muvaffaqiyatli filmlarda qatnashgan Raul Uolsh romantik komediya Qulupnay fotosini bilan Jeyms Keyni.[125] Davomida o'rnatiladi Gay to'qsoninchi, hikoya raqib o'zining jozibali "qulupnay fotosini" qiz do'stini o'g'irlaganidan keyin ayollarning huquqlarini himoya qiluvchi ochiq advokatiga uylangan odamni o'z ichiga oladi va keyinchalik u mehribon va tushunadigan xotin bilan tugaganini aniqlaydi.[126] Film juda muhim va tijorat maqsadlarida muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.[127] Yilda Mitch Leyzen romantik drama Tongni ushlab turing bilan Charlz Boyer uchun Paramount rasmlari, u o'zining rolining boshqa turiga o'tdi - oddiy va odobli kichik shahar o'qituvchisi, uning hayoti va shahvati evropalik gigolo tomonidan uyg'ongan, o'z hayotiga uning muhabbati ijobiy ta'sir ko'rsatgan.[128] Leyzenning puxta ko'rsatmasi va ko'rsatmasi de-ga murojaat qildi Havilland‍ - bu uning Warner Bros. direktorlarining ishchilarga o'xshash uslubidan ancha ko'proq.[129] Bosley Crowther ning The New York Times aktrisa "maktab o'qituvchisini ishqiy xayollarga ega ayol sifatida o'ynaydi, uning halolligi va mag'rurligi o'ziga yarasha - film va" ro'molcha ko'magi. Aytgancha, u juda zo'r ".[130] Ushbu spektakl uchun u ikkinchi marta "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi - bu safar eng yaxshi aktrisa.[131]

De Gavilland Flinn bilan birgalikda sakkizinchi filmi uchun birlashdilar, Raul Uolsh doston Ular etiklari bilan o'lib ketishdi. Film erkin tarzda Jorj Armstrong Kuster va Elizabeth "Libbie" Bekon.[132] Flinn va de O'tgan yili Gavilland bilan janjallashgan - asosan unga beriladigan rollar tufayli - va u bilan yana ishlashni niyat qilmagan.[133] Hatto Flinn ham: "U" qiz "rolini o'ynab o'lganiga kasal edi va o'zini va butun dunyoga o'zini yaxshi aktrisa ekanligini ko'rsatishni istagan bir nechta yaxshi rollarni juda xohlagan edi", deb tan oldi.[134] U Warnerdan Flinnning ishxonasiga filmda unga kerakligini aytib kelganini bilganidan so'ng, de Gavilland qabul qildi.[124] Ssenariy muallifi Lenore kofe bir nechta romantik sahnalarni qo'shish va umumiy dialogni yaxshilash uchun olib kelingan.[124] Natijada, ularning eng yaxshi ishlarini o'z ichiga olgan film.[135] Ularning ekrandagi so'nggi ko'rinishi - Kusterning rafiqasi bilan xayrlashuvi.[136] "Errol juda sezgir edi", de Keyinchalik Gavilland esladi: "Menimcha, bu bizning oxirgi marta ishlashimizni bilar edi".[136] Flinnning ushbu sahnadagi so'nggi chizig'i uning uchun alohida ma'noga ega bo'lar edi: "Siz bilan hayot davomida yurish, juda mehribon narsa edi".[137] Ular etiklari bilan o'lib ketishdi 1941 yil 21-noyabrda chiqdi va ba'zi sharhlovchilar filmning tarixiy noaniqliklarini tanqid qilsalar-da, aksariyat aksiyalar ketma-ketliklari, kinematografiya va aktyorlikni olqishladilar.[138] Tomas M. Pryor The New York Times de topildi Havilland "umuman jozibali".[139] Film Warner Bros-ning o'sha yilgi ikkinchi eng katta pul ishlab chiqaruvchisi bo'lgan 2,550,000 dollar (2019 yilda $ 44,300,000-ga teng) daromad oldi.[140]

De Gavilland paydo bo'ldi Elliott Nugent romantik komediya Erkak hayvon (1942) bilan Genri Fonda akademik erkinlik uchun kurashayotgan idealistik professor va uning ishi va rafiqasi Ellen haqida. Uning roli unchalik qiyin bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da Toni Tomasning so'zlariga ko'ra, Gavillend o'z hayotidagi notinch vaziyatlarni hal qilishga intilayotgan aqlli, xushmuomala ayolni ajratib ko'rsatgan.[141] Bosley Crowther bilan film juda muhim va tijorat maqsadlarida muvaffaqiyatga erishdi The New York Times de ekanligini ta'kidlab Gavilland "xotiniga yoqimli yumshoq va pishiq belgi uyg'otadi".[142] Xuddi shu vaqt ichida u paydo bo'ldi Jon Xuston dramaturgiya Bu bizning hayotimizda (shuningdek, 1942) bilan Bette Devis. Asosida Pulitser mukofoti -yutuq shu nomdagi roman tomonidan Ellen Glazgo, hikoya opa-singillardan birining g'azabi va rashki tufayli hayoti vayron bo'lgan ikki opa-singil haqida.[143] Crowther filmga salbiy baho berdi, ammo uni maqtadi Havillandning "iliq va oson ishlashi".[144] Ishlab chiqarish paytida, de Gavilland va Xuston uch yil davom etgan romantik munosabatlarni boshladilar.[145]

De so'zlariga ko'ra Gavilland, Warner Bros.da o'ynagan bir nechta chinakam ma'qul rollardan biri bu bosh qahramon edi Norman Krasna romantik komediya Malika O'Rourke (1943), bilan Robert Cummings.[146] 1942 yil iyul va avgust oylarida suratga olingan,[147] voqea Vashingtonda, evropalik malika, uni amerikalik erini topmoqchi bo'lgan diplomat amakiga tashrif buyurishi haqida. O'zi tanlagan kishiga uylanish niyatida u g'arbiy yo'nalishdagi samolyotga o'tiradi va oxirida uning asl kimligini bilmagan amerikalik uchuvchini sevib qoladi.[148][9-eslatma] Film 1943 yil 23 oktyabrda chiqarilgan[147] va kassada yaxshi natijalarga erishdi.[150] Bosley Crowther uni "Amerika ekran komediyasining eng yaxshi an'analariga mos keladigan film" deb atadi va de-ni topdi Gavillandning ijrosi "maftunkor".[151]

Masalan, Melani singari murakkab rollarni ijro etishni xohlardim va Jek Uorner meni ingredient sifatida ko'rdi. Rivojlangan odamlarni tasvirlash uchun men chindan ham bezovta bo'ldim. Jek buni hech qachon tushunmagan va ... u menga aslida ularda hech qanday xarakter va sifatga ega bo'lmagan rollarni beradi. Men hatto samarali bo'lmasligimni ham bilardim.[152]

— Olivia de Gavilland

1943 yilda Warner Bros.ning etti yillik shartnomasini bajargandan so'ng, de Xavillandga to'xtatib qo'yilgan vaqt uchun uning shartnomasiga olti oy qo'shilganligi to'g'risida xabar berildi.[153] O'sha paytda studiyalar Kaliforniya qonunchiligi kontrakt o'yinchilarini rolni rad etganliklari uchun to'xtatib qo'yishiga yo'l qo'yishi va to'xtatib turish muddati shartnoma muddatiga qo'shilishi mumkin degan pozitsiyani qabul qilishgan.[154] Aksariyat shartnoma o'yinchilari buni qabul qilishdi, ammo bir nechtasi bu taxminni rad etishga urindi, jumladan, 1930-yillarda Warner Bros.ga qarshi muvaffaqiyatsiz sud ishlarini olib borgan Bette Devis.[155] 1943 yil 23-avgustda advokati Martin Gangning maslahatiga binoan de Havilland Warner Bros.ga qarshi da'vo qo'zg'adi Los-Anjeles okrugining yuqori sudi izlash deklaratsion qaror u endi uning shartnomasi bilan bog'liq emasligini[156][157] Kaliforniya Mehnat kodeksining mavjud bo'limi ish beruvchiga xodimga qarshi shartnomani birinchi marta ijro etilgan kundan boshlab etti yildan ortiq muddatga ijro etishni taqiqlaganligi sababli.[158] 1943 yil noyabrda Oliy sud de-da topdi Havillandning roziligi va Warner Bros. darhol murojaat qildi.[159] Bir yildan sal ko'proq vaqt o'tgach, Ikkinchi okrug bo'yicha Kaliforniya Apellyatsiya sudi uning foydasiga hukm chiqardi.[157][10-eslatma] Ushbu qaror Gollivuddagi eng muhim va keng qamrovli qonuniy qarorlardan biri bo'lib, studiyalarning kuchini pasaytirdi va ijrochilarga ijodiy erkinlikni kengaytirdi.[161] Apellyatsiya sudi tomonidan De Havilland ishi bo'yicha Mehnat kodeksining 2855-bo'limini tahlil qilishda aytilgan Kaliforniyada paydo bo'lgan "etti yillik qoidalar" bugungi kunda ham De Havilland qonuni.[161][162] Uning qonuniy g'alabasi, unga 13 000 AQSh dollariga (2019 yilda 190 000 dollarga teng) yuridik to'lovlarni to'lab qo'ydi Havilland tengdoshlarining hurmati va hayratiga, shu qatorda uning singlisi Joan Fonteyn, keyinroq "Gollivud Oliviyaga katta qarzdor" deb izoh berdi.[163] Warner Bros. de-ga munosabat bildirdi "Virtual qora ro'yxat" ta'sirini ko'rsatgan boshqa studiyalarga xat tarqatish orqali Gavillandning sud jarayoni.[156] Natijada, de Gavilland qariyb ikki yil davomida kinostudiyada ishlamagan.[156]

Visiting a wounded soldier in a hospital
In dengiz havo stantsiyasida Kodiak, Alyaska (1944 yil 20 mart)

De Havilland a fuqarolikka qabul qilingan fuqaro 1941 yil 28 noyabrda Qo'shma Shtatlar kirib kelishidan 10 kun oldin Ikkinchi jahon urushi harbiy, ittifoqdosh kuchlar bilan bir qatorda.[164][165] Urush yillarida u o'z vatanparvarligini namoyon etish va urush harakatlariga hissa qo'shish yo'llarini faol izladi. 1942 yil may oyida u qo'shildi Gollivud g'alaba karvoni, sotish orqali pul to'plagan mamlakat bo'ylab uch haftalik poezd safari urush zanjirlari.[166] Keyinchalik o'sha yili u tadbirlarda qatnay boshladi Gollivud oshxonasi, qo'shinlar bilan uchrashuv va raqs.[167] 1943 yil dekabrda de Havilland a USO Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari bo'ylab sayohat qilgan va Tinch okeanining janubiy qismi, harbiy kasalxonalarda yarador askarlarga tashrif buyurish.[154][13] U Tinch okeanidagi izolyatsiya qilingan orollar va jang maydonlariga tashrif buyurgani uchun qo'shinlarning hurmat va ehtiromiga sazovor bo'ldi.[168] U buzilgan samolyotlarda parvozlar paytida va jangda omon qoldi virusli pnevmoniya orolning barak kasalxonalaridan birida bir necha kun turishni talab qiladi.[13][168][11-eslatma] Keyinchalik u: "Men ekskursiyalarni yaxshi ko'rardim, chunki bu mening vatanimga xizmat qilishim va urush harakatlariga hissa qo'shishim mumkin edi".[169]

1945–1952: Vindikatsiya va tan olish

Kaliforniya Apellyatsiya sudidan keyin[170] sud qarori uni Warner Bros. shartnomasidan ozod qildi Havilland Paramount Pictures bilan ikki rasmli shartnoma imzoladi.[171] 1945 yil iyun oyida u Mitchell Leyzen dramasini suratga olishga kirishdi Har kimga tegishli,[172] (1946) o'z farzandini asrab olish uchun berib yuborgan va keyin butun hayotini ushbu qarorni bekor qilishga sarflaydigan turmushga chiqmagan ona haqida.[173] De Gavilland Leyzenni rejissyor sifatida olib kelishni talab qildi, uning tafsilotlariga, aktyorlarga nisbatan hamdardligiga va avvalgi hamkorlikdagi hissiyotlarni boshqarish uslubiga ishongan, Tongni ushlab turing.[173] Rolni talab qildi Film davomida 30 yoshga to'lgan Gavilland - - begunoh, kichkina qizdan kosmetika kompaniyasiga sodiq, shafqatsiz ishbilarmon ayolgacha. De de Gavilland rasmiy ravishda aktyorlikni hech qachon o'rganmagan, u o'qigan Stanislavskiyniki tarjimai hol San'atdagi hayotim va uning birini qo'llagan "usullari "ushbu rol uchun.[174] Hikoyaning to'rt davrida uning xarakterini aniqlashga yordam berish uchun u har bir davr uchun har xil atirdan foydalangan. Shuningdek, u har bir davrda ovoz balandligini etuk ayol ovoziga aylanguncha asta-sekin pasaytirdi.[175] Uning ijrosi 1946 yil uchun "Oskar" ning eng yaxshi aktrisa mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi - birinchi Oskar.[176] Kino tarixchisi Toni Tomasning so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu mukofot uning Warner Bros bilan uzoq yillik kurashining isbotlanganligi va uning aktrisalik qobiliyatini tasdiqlaganligini anglatadi.[175]

Smiling softly
De Havilland ikkalasining birinchisi bilan Oskar, bu uchun Har kimga tegishli, 1947 yil 13 mart

Uning keyingi ikkita roli qiyin kechdi. Yilda Robert Siodmakniki psixologik triller Qorong'i oyna (shuningdek, 1946), de Gavilland Rut va Terri Kollinz ismli egizak opa-singillarning rollarini ijro etdi - biri boshqasini yaxshi ko'radigan va normal holatdagi psixotik.[177] Uni bir vaqtning o'zida ekranda bir-biri bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lgan ikkita belgi sifatida ko'rsatish texnik muammolaridan tashqari, de Gavilland ikkita alohida va psixologik jihatdan qarama-qarshi odamlarni tasvirlashi kerak edi.[178] Film tanqidchilar tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilinmagan bo'lsa-daTurli xillik film "psixologik gadjetlar va spekülasyonlar labirintida adashadi" dedi[179]‍ -de Gavillandning ijrosi Toni Tomas tomonidan yuqori baholandi va u filmdagi so'nggi sahnasini "deyarli qo'rqinchli darajada ishonarli aktyorlik qismi" deb atadi.[180] Uning sharhida Millat, Jeyms Eji "uning o'yini mulohazali, sokin, batafsil va yaxshi saqlanib turadi, chunki u asos solinganligi sababli, ba'zi bir iste'dodli o'yinlar odatdagidek sog'lom va yoqimli xulq-atvorda emas, shuning uchun uni ko'rish ajralmas zavqdir".[181][182] Keyinchalik o'sha yili paydo bo'lganida yozgi zaxira ishlab chiqarish Har bir ayol biladigan narsa yilda Westport, Konnektikut, uning ikkinchi professional sahna ko'rinishi, de Gavilland tanishishni boshladi Markus Gudrich, a AQSh dengiz kuchlari faxriysi, jurnalist va roman muallifi Delila (1941). Er-xotin 1946 yil 26-avgustda turmush qurishdi.[183]

De Havilland Virjiniya Kanningem rolini ijro etgani uchun maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi Anatole Litvak dramaturgiya Ilon qudug'i (1948), haqiqiy tasvirlashga harakat qilgan birinchi filmlardan biri ruhiy kasallik kinotanqidchiga ko'ra, davlat ruhiy kasalxonalaridagi og'ir sharoitlarning muhim fosh etilishi Filipp frantsuzcha.[184] Tomonidan yozilgan roman asosida Meri Jeyn Uord tomonidan ishlab chiqarilgan Darril F. Zanuk, film asab tizimidan xalos bo'lishiga yordam berish uchun eri tomonidan ruhiy muassasaga joylashtirilgan ayol haqida.[185] Virjiniya Kanningem o'zining barcha filmlaridagi eng qiyin rollardan biri edi, chunki u ruhiy va jismoniy jihatdan jiddiy tayyorgarlikni talab qildi - u ekranda o'zining tashqi qiyofasini yaratishda yordam berish uchun atayin ozib ketdi.[186] U film uchun maslahatchi sifatida yollangan psixiatrlar bilan muntazam ravishda maslahatlashib turdi va tashrif buyurdi Kamarillo davlat ruhiy kasalxonasi uning rolini o'rganish va bemorlarni kuzatish. Jismoniy o'ta noqulaylik gidroterapiya va simulyatsiya qilingan elektr toki urishi terapiyasi sahnalari 5 metrdan 3 dyuymgacha (160 sm) kichik aktrisa uchun juda qiyin bo'lgan.[187] U o'z ijrosida ruhiy iztiroblarini yuzini mo'ynali mo'yna, vahshiy tikilgan ko'zlar va og'zini g'ijirlatgan holda jismonan o'zgartirib yubordi.[188]

Men Virjiniyaga juda o'xshash, yoshi va jismoniy tavsiflari bilan bir qatorda yoshi bir ayol bilan uchrashdim shizofreniya aybdorlik muammolari bilan. ... Meni eng hayratda qoldirgan narsa bu uning juda yoqimli va yoqimli ekanligi edi. Ruhiy bemorni jozibador qilishi ilgari xayolimga kelmagan edi va aynan shu narsa menga ishlashning kalitini berdi.[187]

— Olivia de Havilland

Muallif Judit Kassning so'zlariga ko'ra, de Havilland delivered a performance both "restrained and electric", portraying varied and extreme aspects of her character‍—‌from a shy young woman to a tormented and disorientated woman.[189] Uning ishlashi uchun Ilon qudug'i, de Havilland received an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress, the Nyu-York kinoshunoslari to'garagi Award for Best Actress, and the Venetsiya kinofestivali Volpi Cup.[190]

De Havilland appeared in Uilyam Uayler davr dramasi Voris (1949), the fourth in a string of critically acclaimed performances.[191] After seeing the play on Broadway, de Havilland called Wyler and urged him to fly to New York to see what she felt would be a perfect role for her. Wyler obliged, loved the play, and with de Havilland's help arranged for Paramount to secure the film rights.[192] Adapted for the screen by Rut and Augustus Goetz and based on the 1880 novel Vashington maydoni tomonidan Genri Jeyms, the film is about a young naïve woman who falls in love with a young man (Montgomeri Clift ), over the objections of her cruel and emotionally abusive father, who suspects the young man of being a fortune seeker.[188] As she had done in Tongni ushlab turing, de Havilland portrayed her character's transformation from a shy, trusting innocent to a guarded, mature woman over a period of years.[193] Her delineation of Catherine Sloper is developed through carefully crafted movements, gestures, and facial expressions that convey a submissive and inhibited young woman. Her timid voice, nervous hands, downcast eyes, and careful movements all communicate what the character is too shy to verbalise.[188] Throughout the production, Wyler pressed de Havilland hard to elicit the requisite visual points of the character. When Catherine returns home after being jilted, the director had the actress carry a suitcase filled with heavy books up the stairs to convey the weight of Catherine's trauma physically instead of using a planned speech in the original script.[194] Voris was released in October 1949 and was well received by critics. For her performance, she received the New York Film Critics Award, the Oltin globus mukofoti, and the Academy Award for Best Actress‍—‌her second Oscar.[195]

After giving birth to her first child, Benjamin, on September 27, 1949, de Havilland took time off from making films to be with her infant son.[196] She turned down the role of Blanche DuBois yilda Istak deb nomlangan tramvay, later explaining that becoming a mother was a "transforming experience" and that she could not relate to the character.[197] In 1950, her family moved to New York City, where she began rehearsals for a major new stage production of Shakespeare's Romeo va Juliet; it was her life-long ambition to play Juliet on the stage.[196] Spektakl ochildi Broadxurst teatri on March 11, 1951, to mixed reviews, with some critics believing the 35-year-old actress was too old for the role.[196] The play closed after 45 performances.[196] Undaunted, de Havilland accepted the title role in the stage production of Jorj Bernard Shou komediya Candida da ochilgan Milliy teatr kuni Broadway 1952 yil aprel oyida.[196] While reviews of the play were mixed, de Havilland's performance was well received, and following the scheduled 32 performances, she went on tour with the company and delivered 323 additional performances, many to sold-out audiences.[196] While de Havilland achieved major accomplishments during this period of her career, her marriage to Goodrich, 18 years her senior, had grown strained due to his unstable temperament.[198] In August 1952, she filed for divorce, which became final the following year.[199]

1953–1962: New life in Paris

Of course the thing that staggers you when you first come to France is the fact that all the French speak French‍—‌even the children. Many Americans and Britishers who visit the country never quite adjust to this, and the idea persists that the natives speak the language just to show off or be difficult.[200]

— Olivia de Havilland in Every Frenchman Has One
Smiling while holding her newborn child with her husband
With Pierre Galante and daughter Gisèle, 1956

In April 1953, at the invitation of the French government, she travelled to the Kann kinofestivali, where she met Pierre Galante, an executive editor for the French journal Parij uchrashuvi.[201] Following a long-distance courtship and the requisite nine-month residency requirement, de Havilland and Galante married on April 12, 1955, in the village of Yvoy-le-Marron, and settled together in a three-storey house near the Bois de Bulon park in Paris' 16-chi Uchrashuv.[202][203][204] That same year, she returned to the screen in Terence Young davr dramasi O'sha ayol (1955), about a Spanish princess and her unrequited love for Ispaniya qiroli Filipp II, whose respect she earned in her youth after losing an eye in a sword fight defending his honour.[205] According to Tony Thomas, the film uses authentic Spanish locations effectively, but suffers from a convoluted plot and excessive dialogue, and while de Havilland delivered a warm and elegant performance as Ana de Mendoza, the film was disappointing.[205] Following her appearances in the romantic melodrama Begona odam emas (1955)[206] va Elchining qizi (1956)[207]‍—‌neither of which were successful at the box office‍—‌de Havilland gave birth to her second child, Gisèle Galante, on July 18, 1956.[204]

De Havilland returned to the screen in Michael Curtiz's Western drama Mag'rur isyonchi (1958),[208] a film about a former Confederate soldier (Alan Ladd ) whose wife was killed in the war and whose son lost the ability to speak after witnessing the tragedy. De Havilland played Linnett Moore, a tough yet feminine frontier woman who cares for the boy and comes to love his father.[209] The movie was filmed on location in Utah, where de Havilland learned to hitch and drive a team of horses and handle a gun for her role.[210] Mag'rur isyonchi was released May 28, 1958, and was well received by audiences and critics. Uning sharhida The New York Times, A. H. Weiler called the film a "truly sensitive effort" and "heartwarming drama", and praised de Havilland's ability to convey the "warmth, affection and sturdiness needed in the role".[211]

One of de Havilland's best received performances during this period was in Guy Green's romantik drama Piazzada yorug'lik (1962) bilan Rossano Brazzi.[212] Filmda suratga olingan Florensiya va Rim,[212] va asoslangan Elizabeth Spencer's shu nomdagi roman, the film is about a middle-class American tourist on extended vacation in Italy with her beautiful 26-year-old daughter (Yvette Mimieux ), who is aqlan nogiron as a result of a childhood accident.[212] Faced with the prospect of her daughter falling in love with a young Italian, the mother struggles with conflicting emotions about her daughter's future.[213] De Havilland projects a calm maternal serenity throughout most of the film, only showing glimpses of the worried mother anxious for her child's happiness.[214] The film was released on February 19, 1962, and was well received, with a Hollywood Reporter reviewer calling it "an uncommon love story ... told with rare delicacy and force", and Turli xillik noting that the film "achieves the rare and delicate balance of artistic beauty, romantic substance, dramatic novelty and commercial appeal". Turli xillik singled out de Havilland's performance as "one of great consistency and subtle projection".[215]

In early 1962, de Havilland traveled to New York City, and began rehearsals for Garson Kanin sahna asarlari Vaqt sovg'asi. Adapted from the autobiographical book Insonning o'limi by Lael Tucker Wertenbaker, the play explores the emotionally painful struggle of a housewife forced to deal with the slow death of her husband, played by Henry Fonda. Spektakl ochildi Ethel Barrymore teatri on Broadway to positive notices, with de Havilland receiving her best reviews as a stage actress.[204] Teatr tanqidchisi Valter Kerr praised her final scene, writing, "As darkness gathers, the actress gains in stature, taking on the simple and resolute willingness to understand."[216] The New York World Telegram and Sun reviewer concluded: "It is Miss de Havilland who gives the play its unbroken continuity. This distinguished actress reveals Lael as a special and admirable woman."[216] She stayed with the production for 90 performances.[204] The year 1962 also saw the publication of de Havilland's first book, Every Frenchman Has One, a lighthearted account of her often amusing attempts to understand and adapt to French life, manners, and customs.[204] The book sold out its first printing prior to the publication date and went on to become a bestseller.[217][203]

1963–1988: Later films and television

De Havilland appeared in her final motion picture leading roles in two films released in 1964, both of which were psychological thrillers. Yilda Valter Grauman "s Qafasdagi xonim, she played a wealthy poet who becomes trapped in her mansion's elevator and faces the threat of three terrorising hooligans in her own home.[218] Critics responded negatively to the graphic violence and cruelty shown on screen.[216] A. H. Weiler of The New York Times called it a "sordid, if suspenseful, exercise in aimless brutality".[219] That same year, de Havilland appeared in Robert Aldrich's Tinch ... Tinchlaning, shirin Sharlotta with her close friend Bette Davis.[220] After Joan Crawford left the picture due to illness, Davis had Aldrich fly to Switzerland to persuade a reluctant de Havilland to accept the role of Miriam Deering, a cruel, conniving character hidden behind the charming façade of a polite and cultured lady.[221] Her quiet, restrained performance provided a counterbalance to Davis. Film historian Tony Thomas described her performance as "a subtle piece of acting" that was "a vital contribution to the effectiveness of the film".[222] The film was mainly well received and earned seven Academy Award nominations.[223] In 1965 she served as the President of the Jury of the 18th Kann kinofestivali, the first woman to do so.[224]

As film roles became more difficult to find, a common problem shared by many Hollywood veterans from her era, de Havilland began working in television dramas, despite her dislike of the networks' practice of breaking up story lines with commercials.[225] Her first venture into the medium was a televidenie rejissor Sem Pekkinpa deb nomlangan Tushlik sharob (1966) on ABC bosqichi 67,[225] a dark tragedy about a farmer's act of murder that leads to his suicide.[225] The production and her performance as the farmer's wife Ellie were well received.[226] In 1972, she starred in her first television film, Qichqirayotgan ayol, about a wealthy woman recovering from a nervous breakdown.[227] In 1979, she appeared in the ABC miniseries Ildizlar: Keyingi avlodlar in the role of Mrs. Warner, the wife of a former Confederate officer played by Henry Fonda. The miniseries was seen by an estimated 110 million people‍—‌nearly one-third of American homes with television sets.[228] Throughout the 1970s, de Havilland's film work was limited to smaller supporting roles and kameo ko'rinishlari.[229] Her last feature film was Beshinchi mushketyor (1979).[229] During this period, de Havilland began doing speaking engagements in cities across the United States with a talk entitled "From the City of the Stars to the City of Light", a programme of personal reminiscences about her life and career. She also attended tributes to Shamol bilan ketdim.[230]

In the 1980s, her television work included an Agata Kristi televizion film Qotillik oson (1982), the television drama Charlz va Diananing qirollik romantikasi (1982) in which she played Qirolicha ona, and the 1986 ABC miniseries Shimoliy va janubiy, II kitob.[1] Her performance in the television film Anastasiya: Anna sirlari (1986), as Sovg'a imperatori Mariya, earned her a Golden Globe Award for Serial, mini seriallar yoki televizion filmlarning eng yaxshi yordamchi aktrisasi.[231] In 1988, de Havilland appeared in the HTV romantic television drama U sevgan ayol; it was her final screen performance.[1]

1989–2020: Retirement, honors and death

De Havilland at the Smitson instituti 2001 yilda

In retirement, de Havilland remained active in the film community. In 1998, she travelled to New York City to help promote a special showing of Shamol bilan ketdim.[232] In 2003, she appeared as a presenter at the 75-chi Oskar mukofotlari, earning an extended standing ovation upon her entrance.[231][233] 2004 yilda, Tyorner klassik filmlari produced a retrospective piece called Melanie Remembers in which she was interviewed for the 65th anniversary of the original release of Shamol bilan ketdim.[234] In June 2006, she made appearances at tributes commemorating her 90th birthday at the Kino san'ati va fanlari akademiyasi va Los-Anjeles County San'at muzeyi.[197]

On November 17, 2008, at the age of 92, de Havilland received the Milliy san'at medali, the highest honour conferred to an individual artist on behalf of the people of the United States. The medal was presented to her by President Jorj V.Bush, who commended her "for her persuasive and compelling skill as an actress in roles from Shakespeare's Hermiya ga Margaret Mitchell 's Melanie. Her independence, integrity, and grace won creative freedom for herself and her fellow film actors."[235][236] The following year, de Havilland narrated the documentary Bo'yoq paytida yaxshiroq eslayman (2009),[237] a film about the importance of art in the treatment of Altsgeymer kasalligi.[237]

In 2010, de Havilland almost made her return to the big screen after a 22-year hiatus with Jeyms Fil suyagi 's planned adaptation of Aspern hujjatlari, but the project was never made.[238][239] On September 9, 2010, de Havilland was appointed a Chevalier (ritsar) ning Légion d'honneur, the highest decoration in France, awarded by President Nikolya Sarkozi, who told the actress, "You honour France for having chosen us."[240] In February the following year, she appeared at the Sezar mukofotlari in France, where she was greeted with a standing ovation.[12-eslatma] De Havilland celebrated her 100th birthday on July 1, 2016.[242]

In June 2017, two weeks before her 101st birthday, de Havilland was appointed Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni qo'mondoni ichida 2017 yil tug'ilgan kun sharaflari for services to drama by Qirolicha Yelizaveta II.[243] She is the oldest woman ever to receive the honour. In a statement, she called it "the most gratifying of birthday presents".[244][245] She did not travel to the investiture ceremony at Bukingem saroyi and received her honour from the hands of the British Ambassador to France at her Paris apartment in March 2018, four months before her 102nd birthday. Her daughter Gisèle was by her side.[246]

De Havilland died of natural causes in her sleep at her home in Parij, France on July 26, 2020, at the age of 104.[13-eslatma] Her funeral was held on August 1, 2020, at the Parijdagi Amerika sobori. Her remains were cremated and buried in the crematorium-columbarium of the Père-Lachaise cemetery; the urn will later be transferred to the family burial place on the British island of Guernsey. [250]

Shaxsiy hayot

Aloqalar

Although known as one of Hollywood's most exciting on-screen couples,[231] de Havilland and Errol Flynn were never involved in a romantic relationship.[251] Upon first meeting her at Warner Bros. in August 1935, Flynn was drawn to the 19-year-old actress with "warm brown eyes" and "extraordinary charm".[252] In turn, de Havilland fell in love with him,[251][14-eslatma] but kept her feelings inside. Flynn later wrote, "By the time we made Yorug'lik brigadasining to'lovi, I was sure that I was in love with her."[252] Flynn finally professed his love on March 12, 1937, at the coronation ball for King Jorj VI da Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, where they slow danced together to "Shirin Leylani " at the hotel's Coconut Grove nightclub.[253] "I was deeply affected by him," she later remembered, "It was impossible for me not to be."[254] The evening ended on a sobering note, however, with de Havilland insisting that despite his separation from his wife Lili Damita, he needed to divorce her before their relationship could proceed.[254] Flynn re-united with his wife later that year,[255] and de Havilland never acted on her feelings for Flynn.[251][15-eslatma]

In July 1938, de Havilland began dating business tycoon, aviator, and filmmaker Xovard Xyuz,[256] who had just completed his record-setting flight around the world in 91 hours.[13] In addition to escorting her about town, he gave the actress her first flying lessons.[256] She later said, "He was a rather shy man ... and yet, in a whole community where the men every day played heroes on the screen and didn't do anything heroic in life, here was this man who was a real hero."[13]

In December 1939, she began a romantic relationship with actor Jeyms Styuart. Iltimosiga binoan Irene Mayer Selznik, the actor's agent asked Stewart to escort de Havilland to the New York premiere of Shamol bilan ketdim at the Astor Theater on December 19, 1939. Over the next few days, Stewart took her to the theatre several times and to the 21 klub.[257] They continued to see each other back in Los Angeles, where Stewart provided occasional flying lessons and romance.[258] According to de Havilland, Stewart proposed marriage to her in 1940, but she felt that he was not ready to settle down.[258] Their relationship ended in late 1941 when de Havilland began a romantic relationship with film director Jon Xuston qilish paytida Bu bizning hayotimizda.[259] "John was a very great love of mine", she would later admit, "He was a man I wanted to marry."[260][16-eslatma]

Nikoh va bolalar

Smiling while holding her son in her arms
With her son Benjamin, v. 1952

On August 26, 1946, she married Markus Gudrich, a U.S. Navy veteran, journalist, and author of the novel Delila (1941).[183] The marriage ended in divorce in 1953.[199] They had one child, Benjamin Goodrich, who was born on September 27, 1949.[196] Unga tashxis qo'yilgan Xojkin limfomasi 19 yoshida,[231] and graduated from the University of Texas. He worked as a statistical analyst for Lockheed raketalari va kosmik kompaniyasi yilda Sunnyvale, Kaliforniya, and as an international banking representative for the Texas tijorat banki Xyustonda.[231] He died on September 29, 1991, in Paris at the age of 42 of heart disease brought on by treatments for Hodgkin's disease, three weeks before the death of his father.[262][263]

On April 2, 1955, de Havilland married Pierre Galante, an executive editor for the magazine Parij uchrashuvi.[201] Her marriage to Galante prompted her relocation to Paris. The couple separated in 1962, but continued to live in the same house for another six years to raise their daughter together.[204][232][264] Galante moved across the street and the two remained close, even after the finalisation of the divorce in 1979.[232] She looked after him during his final bout with lung cancer prior to his death in 1998. They had one child, Gisèle Galante, who was born on July 18, 1956.[204] After studying law at the Université de Droit de Nanterre School of Law, she worked as a journalist in France and the United States.[231] Since 1956, de Havilland lived in a three-storey house near the Bois de Boulogne in Paris.[203]

Din va siyosat

De Havilland was raised in the Yepiskop cherkovi and remained an Episcopalian throughout her life.[265][17-eslatma] In the 1970s, she became one of the first women o'qituvchilar da Parijdagi Amerika sobori, where she was on the regular rota for Scripture readings. As recently as 2012, she was doing readings on major bayram kunlari,[265] including Christmas and Easter. "It's a task I love", she once said.[197] In describing her preparation for her readings, she once observed, "You have to convey the deep meaning, you see, and it has to start with your own faith. But first, I always pray. I pray before I start to prepare, as well. In fact, I would always say a prayer before shooting a scene, so this is not so different, in a way."[265] De Havilland preferred to use the Inglizcha Injil qayta ishlangan for its poetic style.[265] She raised her son Benjamin in the Episcopal Church and her daughter Gisèle in the Rim-katolik cherkovi, the faith of each child's father.[267]

As a United States citizen,[165] de Havilland became involved in politics as a way of exercising her civic responsibilities.[197] U targ'ibot qildi Demokratik Prezident Franklin D. Ruzvelt 's ultimately successful re-election bid in 1944.[197] After the war, she joined The Independent Citizens' Committee of the Arts, Sciences, and Professions, a national public policy advocacy group that included Bette Devis, Gregori Pek, Groucho Marks va Xemfri Bogart in its Hollywood chapter.[197] In June 1946, she was asked to deliver speeches for the committee that reflected the Kommunistik partiya line‍—‌the group was later identified as a Kommunistik front tashkilot.[268] Disturbed at seeing a small group of communist members manipulating the committee, she removed the pro-communist material from her speeches and rewrote them to reflect Democratic President Garri S. Truman 's anti-communist platform. She later recalled, "I realised a nucleus of people was controlling the organisation without a majority of the members of the board being aware of it. And I knew they had to be Communists."[197]

She organised a fight to regain control of the committee from its pro-Soviet leadership, but her reform efforts failed. Her resignation from the committee triggered a wave of resignations from 11 other Hollywood figures, including future President Ronald Reygan.[197][18-eslatma] In 1958, she was secretly called before the Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari faoliyati qo'mitasi and recounted her experiences with the Independent Citizens' Committee.[197]

Relationship with Joan Fontaine

Joan Fontaine and Gary Cooper holding Oscars
Joan Fontaine and Gari Kuper at the Academy Awards, 1942

De Havilland and her sister Joan Fonteyn are the only siblings to have won Academy Awards in a lead acting category.[272] Biografning so'zlariga ko'ra Charlz Xayam, the sisters always had an uneasy relationship, starting in early childhood when Olivia had trouble accepting the idea of having a younger sister, and Joan resenting her mother's favouring Olivia. Olivia would rip up the clothes that her sister was given to wear as hand-me-downs, forcing Joan to stitch them together again.[273] This tension was made worse by Fontaine's frequent childhood illnesses, which led to her mother's overly protective expression "Livvie can, Joan can't."[16] De Havilland was the first to become an actress, and for several years Fontaine was overshadowed by her sister's accomplishments. Qachon Mervin LeRoy offered Fontaine a personal contract, her mother told her that Warner Bros. was "Olivia's studio" and that she could not use the family name "de Havilland".[274]

In 1942, de Havilland and Fontaine were both nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress‍—‌de Havilland for Tongni ushlab turing and Fontaine for Shubha. When Fontaine's name was announced as winner, de Havilland reacted graciously saying "We've got it!"[275] Biografning so'zlariga ko'ra Charlz Xayam, Fontaine rejected de Havilland's attempts to congratulate her, leaving the other offended and embarrassed.[276]

Their relationship was strained further in 1946 when Fontaine made negative comments to an interviewer about de Havilland's new husband Marcus Goodrich. When she read her sister's remarks, de Havilland was deeply hurt and waited for an apology that never was offered.[277] The following year after accepting her first Academy Award for Har kimga tegishli, de Havilland was approached backstage by Fontaine, who extended her hand to congratulate her; de Havilland turned away from her sister.[277] The two did not speak for the next five years after the incident.[19-eslatma] This may have caused an estrangement between Fontaine and her own daughters, who maintained a covert relationship with their aunt.[276]

Following her divorce from Goodrich, de Havilland resumed contact with her sister,[277] coming to her apartment in New York City and spending Christmas together in 1961.[277][278] The final break between the sisters occurred in 1975 over disagreements over their mother's cancer treatment‍—‌de Havilland wanted to consult other doctors and supported exploratory surgery; Fontaine disagreed.[279] Fontaine later claimed her sister had not notified her of their mother's death while she was touring with a play‍—‌de Havilland in fact had sent a telegram, which took two weeks to reach her sister.[273] The sibling feud ended with Fontaine's death on December 15, 2013.[277][20-eslatma] The following day, de Havilland released a statement saying she was "shocked and saddened" by the news.[281]

Career assessment and legacy

Five-pointed star with her name and an image of an old film camera
Star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, at 6762 Hollywood Blvd.[282]

De Havilland's career spanned 53 years, from 1935 to 1988.[1] During that time, she appeared in 49 feature films, and was one of the leading movie stars during the golden age of Classical Hollywood. She began her career playing demure ingénues opposite male stars such as Errol Flynn, with whom she made her breakout film Kapitan qon in 1935. They would go on to make eight more feature films together, and became one of Hollywood's most successful on-screen romantic pairings.[231] Her range of performances included roles in most major movie genres. Following her film debut in the Shakespeare adaptation Yoz kechasi tushi, de Havilland achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedies, such as Buyuk Garrick va Olish qiyin, and Western adventure films, such as Dodj Siti va Santa Fe Trail.[1] In her later career, she was most successful in drama films, such as Bu bizning hayotimizda va Piazzada yorug'lik, and psychological dramas playing non-glamorous characters in films such as Qorong'i oyna, Ilon qudug'iva Tinch ... Tinchlaning, shirin Sharlotta.[231]

During her career, de Havilland won two Academy Awards (Har kimga tegishli va Voris), two Golden Globe Awards (Voris va Anastasiya: Anna sirlari), two New York Film Critics Circle Awards (Ilon qudug'i va Voris), the National Board of Review Award, and the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup (Ilon qudug'i), and a Primetime Emmy Award nomination (Anastasiya: Anna sirlari).[283]

For her contributions to the motion picture industry, de Havilland received a star on the Gollivudning Shon-sharaf xiyoboni at 6762 Gollivud bulvari on February 8, 1960.[282] Following her retirement in 1988, her lifetime contribution to the arts was honoured on two continents. U oldi faxriy doktorlik dan Xertfordshir universiteti in 1998 and another from Mills kolleji 2018 yilda.[284][285]

With a glowing smile looking up at the president
Receiving the National Medal of Arts from President George W. Bush, 2008

In 2006, she was inducted into the Online Film & Television Association Award Film Hall of Fame.[286]

The moving-image collection of Olivia de Havilland is held at the Academy Film Archive, which preserved a nitrate reel of a screen test for Danton, Max Reinhardt's never-produced follow-up to Yoz kechasi tushi (1935).[287]

De Havilland, as a confidante and friend of Bette Devis, is featured in the series Adovat: Bette va Joan tomonidan tasvirlangan Ketrin Zeta-Jons. In the series, de Havilland reflects on the origins and depth of the Devis –Krouford feud and how it affected contemporary female Hollywood stars. On June 30, 2017, a day before her 101st birthday, she filed a lawsuit against Valyuta tarmoqlari va prodyuser Rayan Merfi for inaccurately portraying her and using her likeness without permission.[288] Although FX attempted to strike the suit as a jamoatchilik ishtirokiga qarshi strategik sud jarayoni, Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Holly Kendig denied the motion in September 2017, and also granted de Havilland's request to advance the trial date (a motion for preference) and set trial for November 2017.[289] An suhbatdosh apellyatsiya of Judge Kendig's ruling was bahslashdi 2018 yil mart oyida.[290] A three-justice panel of the California Court of Appeal for the Second District ruled against the tuhmat suit brought by De Havilland (that is, by ruling the trial court erred in denying the defendants' motion to strike), in a published opinion by Justice Anne Egerton that affirmed the right of kinoijodkorlar to embellish the historical record and that such portrayals are protected by the Birinchi o'zgartirish.[291][292] De Havilland appealed the decision to the Oliy sud in September 2018, which declined to review the case.[293][294]

Faxriy va mukofotlar

YilMukofotTurkumFilmNatijaRef
1940Akademiya mukofotiIkkinchi darajadagi eng yaxshi aktrisaShamol bilan ketdimNomzod[283]
1941Akademiya mukofotiBosh roldagi eng yaxshi aktrisaTongni ushlab turingNomzod[283]
1946Akademiya mukofotiBosh roldagi eng yaxshi aktrisaHar kimga tegishliYutuq[283]
1948Akademiya mukofotiBosh roldagi eng yaxshi aktrisaIlon qudug'iNomzod[283]
1948Milliy ko'rib chiqish kengashi mukofotiEng yaxshi aktrisaIlon qudug'iYutuq[190]
1948Nyu-York kino tanqidchilari doirasi mukofotiEng yaxshi aktrisaIlon qudug'iYutuq[190]
1949Akademiya mukofotiBosh roldagi eng yaxshi aktrisaVorisYutuq[283]
1949Oltin globus mukofotiEng yaxshi kinofilm aktrisasiVorisYutuq[295]
1949Nyu-York kino tanqidchilari doirasi mukofotiEng yaxshi aktrisaVorisYutuq[190]
1949Venice Film Festival Volpi CupEng yaxshi aktrisaIlon qudug'iYutuq[190]
1952Graumanning Xitoy teatriHand prints and footprints—Faxriy[296]
1953Oltin globus mukofotiEng yaxshi kinofilm aktrisasiMening amakivachcham RohilaNomzod[295]
1960Gollivud Shon-sharaf xiyoboniMotion Picture at 6762 Hollywood Blvd, February 8, 1960—Faxriy[282]
1986Oltin globus mukofotiAktyorning ikkinchi darajali roliAnastasiya: Anna sirlariYutuq[295]
1986Primetime Emmy mukofotiOutstanding Supporting Actress in a MiniseriesAnastasiya: Anna sirlariNomzod[283]
1998Faxriy doktorlikXertfordshir universiteti—Faxriy[284]
2006Onlayn kino va televideniye assotsiatsiyasiFilm Hall of Fame—Faxriy[286]
2008Milliy san'at medali——Faxriy[235]
2010L'gion d'Honneurning chevalieri——Faxriy[240]
2016Oldie of the Year——Faxriy[241]
2017Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni qo'mondoni——Faxriy[297]

Milliy sharaf

MamlakatSanaDekoratsiyaPost-nominal harflar
 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari2008 – July 26, 2020Milliy san'at medali
 Frantsiya2010 – July 26, 2020L'gion d'Honneurning chevalieri
 Birlashgan Qirollik2017 – July 26, 2020Britaniya imperiyasi ordeni qo'mondoniDBE
Ushbu ro'yxat to'liqsiz; yordam berishingiz mumkin etishmayotgan narsalarni qo'shish bilan ishonchli manbalar.

Faxriy darajalar

ManzilSanaMaktabDarajasiHolat
 Frantsiya1994Parij Amerika universitetiDoktorlik [298]
 Angliya1998Xertfordshir universitetiXatlar doktori (D.Litt) [299]
 Kaliforniya2018 yil 12-mayMills kollejiInsonparvarlik maktublari doktori (DHL) [300]
Ushbu ro'yxat to'liqsiz; yordam berishingiz mumkin etishmayotgan narsalarni qo'shish bilan ishonchli manbalar.

A'zolik va do'stlik

ManzilSanaTashkilotLavozim
 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari1940 – July 26, 2020Kino san'ati va fanlari akademiyasiRo'yxatdan (Aktyorlar bo'limi)
 Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari1978 – July 26, 2020Amerika yutuqlar akademiyasi[301][302]Awards Council Member
Ushbu ro'yxat to'liqsiz; yordam berishingiz mumkin etishmayotgan narsalarni qo'shish bilan ishonchli manbalar.

Filmografiya

Asosiy maqola: Olivia de Havilland filmography

Shuningdek qarang

Izohlar

  1. ^ After living in an apartment near Golden Gate Park while the sisters were being treated, the family moved to San-Xose and stayed at the Hotel Vendome.[12] Soon after, they moved to the foothills of the Santa-Kruz tog'lari, where they stayed at a boarding house called Lundblad's Lodge on Oak Street owned by a Swedish family.[13][14]
  2. ^ Olivia was named after a belgi yilda O'n ikkinchi kecha.[19]
  3. ^ Lilian and George were introduced to each other in 1920 by four-year-old Olivia who noticed him sitting on a park bench and referred to him in Japanese as "Daddy".[23]
  4. ^ The on-screen attraction of the characters reflected the actual feelings of the actors at the time.[44] De Havilland would later admit that she had a crush on him through the entire production, and he would later acknowledge the same.[44]
  5. ^ De Havilland hired the Ivan Kahn Agency to represent her in the contract negotiations with Warner Bros.[62] The contract she signed provided for yearly increases in her weekly salary, starting at $500, and then increasing to $750, $1000, $1250, $1500, $2000, and $2500 in her last year (equivalent to $47,800 in 2019).[61]
  6. ^ During the production, Brayan Aherne found de Havilland "young and entrancing" and organised her 21st birthday party on the set. They also dated during the making of the picture.[75] He later wrote, "I little thought that I would one day marry her younger sister, Joan Fontaine."[74] Aherne va Fonteyn ikki yildan so'ng, 1939 yil 19-avgustda turmush qurishdi.[76]
  7. ^ Muvaffaqiyatdan keyin Sesil B. DeMil epik sarguzasht Oddiy odam (1937), studiyalar o'zlarining eng yaxshi iste'dodi va byudjetlarini sarmoyalashni boshladilar Mo'jiza, Birlik Tinch okeani va Qaytib ketishni bekor qiling ‍ - ‌ barchasi 1939 yilda chiqarilgan.[97]
  8. ^ Ijro ketma-ketligi Mening sevgim qaytib keldi aktrisa o'ng qo'li bilan kamon chalayotganda, chap qo'lning murakkab barmog'ini ijro etish uchun aktrisaning orqasiga professional ayol skripkachini qo'yish orqali amalga oshirildi.[118]
  9. ^ Syujet va bir nechta hikoyalar - shu jumladan, sharafli bakalavrning karavotida uyg'ongan malika - "o'n yil o'tgach, tiriltiriladi Rim bayrami bilan Audrey Xepbern.[149]
  10. ^ Ikki oydan keyin Kaliforniya Oliy sudi ishni ko'rib chiqishdan bosh tortdi.[160]
  11. ^ 1957 yilda Ikkinchi Jahon urushi va Koreya urushi paytida qo'shinlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaganligi uchun de Havilland 11-havo-desant diviziyasining faxriy a'zosi bo'ldi va unga 11-yamoqni bitta yengiga kiygan Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari armiyasining ko'ylagi sovg'a qilindi. ko'krak qafasi bo'ylab "de Havilland" nomidagi yamoq.[168]
  12. ^ 2016 yil fevral oyida de Gavilland satirik jurnal tomonidan "Yilning Oldi" si deb topildi Oldi. Londondagi tantanali marosimga borolmaganligi sababli, u "mening seldereyimda etarli tezlik" mavjud deb topgan sudyalar ushbu maqtovga sazovor bo'lish uchun "juda xursandman" degan xabarni yozib oldi.[241]
  13. ^ De Havillandning publitsisti Liza Goldberg 2020 yil 26-iyul, yakshanba kuni uyqusida tabiiy sabablarga ko'ra vafot etganini tasdiqladi.[247] Biroq, ba'zi e'lonlarning matni tufayli (masalan, uning sobiq advokati Suzelle M. Smit de Havilland vafot etgani to'g'risida "kecha")[248]) ba'zi ommaviy axborot vositalari o'lim sanasini 25-chi deb noto'g'ri xabar berishdi.[249]
  14. ^ 2009 yilgi intervyusida, de Gavilland tan oldi: "Ha, biz bir-birimizni sevib qoldik va menimcha, bu bizning oramizdagi ekran kimyosida yaqqol ko'rinib turibdi. Ammo uning o'sha paytdagi holati munosabatlarni yanada rivojlanishiga to'sqinlik qildi. Men bu haqda ko'p gaplashmadim, lekin munosabatlar "kimyo bor edi, ammo u erda edi."[251]
  15. ^ Qilish paytida Robin Gud 1937 yil noyabrda de Havilland rafiqasi tomonidan suratga olish maydonchasida diqqat bilan kuzatilayotgan Flinni masxara qilishga qaror qildi. 2005 yilgi intervyusida de Havilland "Va shuning uchun bizda bitta o'pish sahnasi bor edi, uni men katta zavq bilan kutgan edim. Men eslayman, men har bir tortishni puflaganman, ketma-ket kamida oltitasini, ehtimol ettitasini, ehtimol sakkiztasini va bizda Errol Flinn haqiqatan ham noqulay bo'lib qoldi va agar men shunday deb aytsam, tayt bilan biroz muammoga duch keldi. "[256]
  16. ^ 1945 yil 29 aprelda prodyuser Devid O. Selznikning uyida de Havillandning Flinnga uch yillik zarbasi haqida bilgan Xuston avstraliyalik aktyor bilan to'qnashdi - u sil kasalligi bilan og'rigan - urush paytida harbiy xizmatda bo'lmaganligi haqida. .[261] Flinn Gavilland bilan avvalgi "munosabatlariga" ishora qilganida, Xyuston havaskor boks bo'yicha mutaxassis bilan kengaytirilgan mushtlashishni boshlagan va bu ikkalasini ham kasalxonaga yotqizgan.[261]
  17. ^ 2015-yilgi intervyusida de Havilland o'zining diniy e'tiqodi voyaga etgan yillarida barham topganini, ammo o'g'li kasal bo'lib qolganida u o'z e'tiqodini tiklaganini aytdi. Uning yangilangan e'tiqodi singlisini Episkopal cherkoviga qaytishga ilhomlantirdi.[266]
  18. ^ Reygan, MGM studiyasi rahbari singari boshqa 10 kinoindustri hamkasblariga qo'shilishga taklif qilinganida, u nisbatan yangi boshqaruv a'zosi edi Dor Shari, de da uchrashuv uchun Gavillandning uyi, u kommunistlar qo'mita ustidan nazoratni qo'lga kiritishga harakat qilayotganini birinchi marta bilgan.[269] Uchrashuv davomida u de-ga murojaat qildi Ijroiya qo'mitasida bo'lgan Gavilland pichirladi: «Bilasizmi, Oliviya, men doim o'ylardim siz Ulardan biri bo'lishi mumkin. "U kulib javob berdi:" Bu kulgili. Men o'yladim siz "ulardan biri edi." Reygan keyingi yig'ilishda tilni o'z ichiga olgan rezolyutsiyani taklif qilishni taklif qildi, unda til "qo'mitaning" erkin tadbirkorlik va demokratik tuzumga "bo'lgan ishonchini yana bir bor tasdiqladi va" kommunizm AQSh uchun kerakli "degan fikrni rad etdi - ijroiya qo'mitasi ovoz berdi keyingi hafta pastga.[270] Ko'p o'tmay, qo'mita tarqatildi, faqat yangi nomlangan front tashkiloti sifatida qayta tiklandi.[269] Sovet ta'siriga qarshi Gollivud qarshiliklarini uyushtirishga qaramay, de O'sha yili Xavilend "deb tan olindi"suzish havzasi pushti "ichida Vaqt uning qo'mitadagi ishtiroki uchun jurnal.[271]
  19. ^ 1957 yilda, u hech qachon singlisi bilan bo'lgan munosabatini sharhlagan yagona intervyusida Xavilland Associated Pressga "Joan juda yorqin va o'tkir va aql-idrokka ega. U Markus haqida meni qattiq ranjitgan ba'zi narsalarni aytdi. Oramizda uzoqlashish borligini bilar edi" dedi.[277]
  20. ^ Fonteyn bir marta shunday degan edi: "Men avval turmushga chiqdim," Oskar "ni Oliviyadan oldin yutdim va agar men birinchi bo'lib o'lsam, u shubhasiz, jonivor bo'lib qoladi, chunki men uni urganman!"[280]

Adabiyotlar

Iqtiboslar

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  15. ^ Cite error: nomlangan ma'lumotnoma peerage-walter chaqirilgan, ammo hech qachon aniqlanmagan (qarang yordam sahifasi).
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Elmo Uilyams		 Eng keksa yoshdagi Oskar sohibi
2015 yil 25 noyabr - 2020 yil 26 iyul		Muvaffaqiyatli
Eva Mari Sent