Joan Krouford - Joan Crawford

Ushbu maqola kinoaktrisa haqida. Basketbolchi uchun qarang Joan Krouford (basketbol). Blue Öyster Cultning qo'shig'i uchun qarang Joan Krouford (qo'shiq).

Joan Krouford
Joan Crawford in Humoresque, 1946.jpg
Krouford Gumoresk, 1946
Tug'ilgan
Lucille Fay LeSueur

1903 yil 23 martmi? (noaniq)[Izoh 1]
San-Antonio, Texas, AQSh
O'ldi1977 yil 10-may
Manxetten, Nyu-York, Nyu-York, AQSh
Dam olish joyiFernkliff qabristoni, Xarsdeyl, Nyu-York, BIZ.
Kasb
  • Film va televizion aktrisa
  • raqqosa
  • biznes ijro etuvchi
Faol yillar1925–1972
Turmush o'rtoqlar
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(m. 1929; div 1933)​
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(m. 1935; div 1939)​
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(m. 1942; div 1946)​
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(m. 1955; 1959 yilda vafot etgan)​
Bolalar4 (qabul qilingan), shu jumladan Kristina Krouford
QarindoshlarHal LeSueur (aka)
Imzo
Joan Crawford Signature.svg

Joan Krouford (tug'ilgan Lucille Fay LeSueur; 1903 yil 23 mart?[Izoh 1] - 1977 yil 10-may) - amerikalik kino va televizion aktrisa, xor qizi sifatida chiqishdan oldin teatr kompaniyalarida sayohat qilishda raqqosa sifatida o'z faoliyatini boshladi. Broadway. Keyinchalik Krouford kinofilm bilan shartnoma imzoladi Metro-Goldvin-Mayer 1925 yilda; uning karerasi oltita o'n yilliklarni, ko'plab studiyalarni va tortishuvlarni qamrab oldi.

Faoliyatining turli bosqichlarida u xayrixoh va rahmdil bo'lmagan personajlarni ijro etuvchi xilma-xil rollari va realistik, ammo ko'p qatlamli chiqishlari bilan ajralib turardi. Uning eng katta muvaffaqiyati va eng mashhur chiqishlari melodramalar va romantik komediyalarga tegishli edi, ammo uning filmografiyasi noir va tarixiy kostyumlar dramalaridan tortib musiqiy va dahshatli filmlarga qadar janrlarda. 1999 yilda Amerika kino instituti ro'yxatida Krouford o'ninchi o'rinni egalladi Klassik Gollivud kinematografiyasining eng buyuk ayol yulduzlari.

O'tgan asrning 30-yillarida Kroufordning shuhrati MGM hamkasblari bilan raqobatdosh bo'lib, keyinchalik undan oshib ketdi Norma Sheirer va Greta Garbo. Garchi u flapperlarni tasvirlash bilan boshlagan bo'lsa-da, Krouford tez-tez qiynalgan boy ayollarni o'ynagan (Raqs, ahmoqlar, raqslar, Ushbu zamonaviy asr, Letti Lynton, Boshqa xonimlar yo'q, Men o'z hayotimni yashayman, Syuzan va Xudo ) yoki ishqiy va muvaffaqiyatga erishgan mehnatsevar yosh ayollar (Bizning raqsga tushadigan qizlarimiz, To'langan, Gunohkorlar ustidan kulish, Grand Hotel, Raqsga tushgan xonim, Sadi McKee, Xeyni xonimning oxirgisi, Yorqin soat, Kelin qizil edi, Manken ). Ushbu belgilar va hikoyalar yaxshi qabul qilindi Depressiya -era tomoshabinlari va ayollar orasida mashhur edi. Krouford Gollivudning taniqli kino yulduzlaridan biri va Qo'shma Shtatlardagi eng ko'p maosh oladigan ayollardan biriga aylandi.

1938 yilda u teatr egalari tomonidan "kassa zaharlari" deb topilgan aktrisalar guruhi qatoriga kirgan, 1939 yilgi ayol ayol aktyorlar rolida. Ayollar tanqidchilar va tomoshabinlarning maqtoviga sazovor bo'ldi. Uning muvaffaqiyati yuzidagi qiyofali jinoyatchi sifatida chiqish bilan davom etdi melodrama Ayolning yuzi bu uning tanqidiga sazovor bo'ldi. 1945 yilda u g'olib chiqdi Eng yaxshi aktrisa uchun Oskar mukofoti bosh rolida mehnatsevar, ajrashgan, himoya qiluvchi onaning obrazi uchun Mildred Pirs. Krouford shuningdek, "Eng yaxshi aktrisa" mukofotining ikkita nominatsiyasida ishlaganligi uchun taqdirlandi Egalik qiladi (1947) va To'satdan qo'rquv (1952).

1954 yilda u rol o'ynagan G'arbiy Jonni gitara, asl nusxasi paytida muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lsa-da, diniy film shundan beri maqtovga sazovor bo'ldi. 1955 yilda Krouford Pepsi-Cola kompaniyasi bilan kompaniya raisi va bosh ijrochi direktoriga uylanishi orqali aloqador bo'ldi. Alfred Stil, garchi u 1950 va 1960 yillar davomida kino va televidenieda harakat qilishni davom ettirsa ham. 1962 yilda u azaliy raqibi bilan birga rol o'ynagan Bette Devis ichida dahshatli film Chaqaloq Jeynda nima bo'lgan? Bu yana bir bor uni tanqidga sazovor bo'lgan va kassadagi muvaffaqiyatga qaytargan, ko'pchilik uni yana bir Oskar nominatsiyasini olishiga ishongan, ammo u bunday qilmagan.[12]

1970 yilda Krouford o'zining so'nggi teatr filmini suratga oldi va o'limidan bir necha hafta oldin u turli xil notijorat sabablarga ko'ra ko'plab muntazam radio lavhalarini va e'lonlarini yozishni davom ettirdi. 1974 yilda jamoatchilik oldida paydo bo'lganidan so'ng, u fotosuratga tushishni talab qiladigan tadbirlardan voz kechdi va 1977 yilda vafotigacha tobora ko'proq o'ziga xos bo'lib qoldi.[13]

Krouford to'rt marta turmushga chiqdi. Uning dastlabki uchta nikohi ajralish bilan tugadi; oxirgisi eri Alfred Stilning o'limi bilan yakunlandi. U beshta bolani asrab oldi, ulardan bittasi qaytarib olindi. Kroufordning ikki katta farzandi bilan munosabatlari, Kristina va Kristofer juda murosasiz edilar. Kroufordning o'limidan keyin Kristina taniqli, ammo munozarali "hammasi "xotirasi, Mommie Azizim (1978).[14]

Hayotning boshlang'ich davri

Ingliz tilida tug'ilgan Lucille Fay LeSueur, Frantsiyalik Gugenot, Texas shtatining San-Antonio shahrida shved va irlandlarning ajdodlari, u Tennesi shtatida tug'ilgan Tomas E. LeSueurning uchinchi va eng kichkina farzandi (1868 yil 2 yanvar - 1938 yil 1 yanvar), qurilish ishlarida ishlagan va Texasda tug'ilgan Anna Bell Jonson (keyinchalik Anna Kassin xonim), uning tug'ilgan sanasi 1884 yil 29-noyabr deb berilgan, garchi, ro'yxatga olish ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, u yoshi kattaroq bo'lishi mumkin. Birinchi ikki farzandi tug'ilganda, u hali 20 yoshga to'lmagan edi. U 1958 yil 15-avgustda vafot etdi.[15] Kroufordning katta birodarlari Lyusil tug'ilishidan oldin vafot etgan singlisi Deyzi LeSueur va ukasi edi Hal LeSueur.[16]

Tomas LeSueur Lucille o'n oylik bo'lganida, oilasini tark etdi,[17] oxir-oqibat Abilaynga (Texas shtati) joylashib, qurilish ishlarida ishlagan.[16] Kroufordning onasi Genri J. Kassin bilan turmush qurgan, ammo nikoh uning birinchi ro'yxati sifatida ro'yxatga olingan.[18] Ular Kassin Ramsey opera teatrini boshqargan Oklaxoma shtatidagi Lautonda yashagan; u turli xil kitoblarni yozishga muvaffaq bo'ldi va kabi ijrochilarni ta'kidladi Anna Pavlova va Eva Tanguay. Bolaligidan Krouford "Billi" laqabini afzal ko'rgan va tomosha qilishni yoqtirgan vedvil aktyorlar o'gay otasi teatri sahnasida namoyish etiladi. Xabarlarga ko'ra, o'sha paytda Krouford "dadasi" deb atagan Kassin uning akasi Xol unga haqiqatni aytmaguncha uning biologik otasi emasligini bilmagan.[19] Aytishlaricha, Kassin uni o'n bir yoshida jinsiy zo'rlashni boshlagan va u katolik qizlar maktabi bo'lgan Sankt-Agnes akademiyasiga yuborilgunga qadar davom etgan.[20][21]

Bolaligidan boshlab Krouford raqsga tushishni maqsad qilgan. Bir kuni u pianino darslaridan qochishga urinib, uyining old peshtoqidan sakrab chiqdi va singan sut shishasiga oyog'ini qattiq kesdi.[22] Natijada, u zararni tiklash uchun uchta operatsiyani o'tkazdi. U 18 oy davomida boshlang'ich maktabga borolmadi yoki raqs darslarini davom ettira olmadi.[22]

1917 yil iyun oyida, Kassin o'g'irlikda ayblanganidan so'ng, oila Missuri shtatining Kanzas-Siti shahriga ko'chib o'tdi; oqlangan bo'lsa-da, u Lawtonning qora ro'yxatiga kiritilgan.[18] Ularning ko'chib ketishidan keyin katolik Kassin Kroufordni Kanzas-Siti shahridagi Sent-Agnes akademiyasiga joylashtirdi. Onasi va o'gay otasi ajralib ketganida, u maktabda ishchi talaba bo'lib qoldi, u erda ishlashdan ko'ra ko'proq vaqt ishlashga, birinchi navbatda ovqat tayyorlash va tozalashga sarflandi. Keyinchalik u ishchi talaba sifatida Rokingem akademiyasida qatnashdi.[23] U erda bo'lganida, u uchrashishni boshladi va Ray Sterling ismli karnaychi bilan birinchi jiddiy munosabatda bo'ldi.[24]

1922 yilda u ro'yxatdan o'tgan Stephens kolleji Missuri shtatidagi Kolumbiya shahrida tug'ilgan yili 1906 yilni tashkil qilmoqda.[25] U Stivenda kollejga tayyor emasligini tushunganidan keyin bir necha oygina qatnashdi.[26] Uning oilasining beqarorligi Kroufordga salbiy ta'sir ko'rsatdi va uning o'qishi hech qachon rasmiy ravishda boshlang'ich ta'limdan tashqari rivojlanmadi.[27]

Karyera

Erta martaba

Upper body studio shot of a young Crawford in a sleeveless dress, with accented eye make-up, coiffed hair. She is staring into the camera.
Krouford 1928 yilda

Lucille LeSueur nomi ostida Krouford sayohatchilar xorlarida raqsga tushishni boshladi va Detroytda prodyuser tomonidan raqsga tushdi. Jeykob J. Shubert.[27] Shubert uni 1924 yilgi shousi uchun xor qatoriga qo'shdi, Aybsiz ko'zlar, da Qishki bog 'teatri Nyu-York shahridagi Broadwayda. Ichida paydo bo'lganda Aybsiz ko'zlar, Krouford Jeyms Uelton ismli saksofchi bilan uchrashdi. Aytishlaricha, ikkalasi 1924 yilda turmush qurgan va bir necha oy birga yashagan, ammo bu taxmin qilingan nikoh Krouford tomonidan keyingi hayotda hech qachon esga olinmagan.[28]

Krouford qo'shimcha ish istab, yaqinlashdi Loews teatrlari publitsist Nils Granlund. Granlund unga qo'shiqchi bilan mavqeini ta'minladi Garri Richman U aktyorlik qildi va uni ekran sinovini o'tkazishini tashkil qildi, uni prodyuserga yubordi Garri Rapf Gollivudda.[29] 1924 yil 24-dekabrda Rapf Granlundga xabar bergan Metro-Goldvin-Mayer (MGM) Kroufordga haftasiga 75 dollar miqdorida shartnoma taklif qilgan edi. Granlund darhol yangiliklar bilan Kanzas-Siti shahridagi onasining uyiga qaytib kelgan LeSueur-ga sim qoqdi; u sayohat xarajatlari uchun 400 dollar qarz oldi.[30]

Lucille LeSueur sifatida tan olingan, uning birinchi filmi Tungi xonim tanasi ikki baravar ko'payganligi sababli 1925 yilda Norma Sheirer, MGM-ning eng mashhur ayol yulduzi. U ham paydo bo'ldi Davra va Chiroyli xonimlar (ikkalasi ham 1925), bosh rolni komediyachi ijro etgan ZaSu Pitts. Bu tez orada bir xil darajada kichik va hisob-kitobsiz boshqa 1925 ta jim filmdagi rollari: Yagona narsa va Quvnoq beva.[31]

MGM reklama boshlig'i Pit Smit uning asosiy yulduzga aylanish qobiliyatini tan oldi, lekin uning ismi soxta bo'lib tuyuldi; - dedi u studiya rahbariga Lui B. Mayer uning familiyasi LeSueur unga kanalizatsiya kanalini eslatdi. Smit "Yulduzga nom bering" nomli tanlovni tashkil etdi Haftalik film o'quvchilarga uning yangi sahna nomini tanlashiga imkon berish. Dastlabki tanlov "Joan Arden" edi, ammo boshqa aktrisa ushbu nomga oldindan da'vo qilganligi aniqlangandan so'ng, muqobil familiya "Krouford" bo'ldi. Keyinchalik u o'zining ismining Jo-Anne deb talaffuz qilinishini istaganini va Krouford ismini "kerevit" ga o'xshab ketganidan yomon ko'rishini aytdi, ammo shu bilan birga kelgan "xavfsizlikni yoqtirganini" ham tan oldi.[32]

O'zini reklama qilish va dastlabki muvaffaqiyatlar

O'ziga berilgan qismlarning hajmi va sifatidan tobora asabiylasha boshlagan Krouford o'zini reklama qilish kampaniyasini boshladi. MGM ssenariy muallifi sifatida Frederika Sagor Maas esladi: "Hech kim Joan Kroufordni yulduz qilishga qaror qilmadi. Joan Krouford yulduzga aylandi, chunki Joan Krouford yulduz bo'lishga qaror qildi".[33] U tushdan keyin va kechqurun Gollivud atrofidagi mehmonxonalarda va plyaj ustidagi raqs maydonlarida raqslarga qatnay boshladi, u erda ko'pincha raqs tanlovlarida g'olib bo'lgan Charlston va Qora pastki.[34]

Filmda Jon Gilbert bilan To'rt devor (1928)

Uning strategiyasi ishladi va MGM uni birinchi marta tomoshabinlarda taassurot qoldirgan filmda suratga oldi, Edmund Goulding "s Sally, Irene va Maryam (1925). Faoliyatining boshidanoq Krouford Norma Shirerni - studiyaning eng mashhur aktrisasini o'zining professional dushmani deb bilgan. Shirer MGM ishlab chiqarish rahbari bilan turmush qurgan Irving Talberg; shuning uchun u ssenariylarning birinchi tanloviga ega edi va qanday filmlarda suratga tushishini va qilmasligini boshqa yulduzlarga qaraganda ko'proq boshqarar edi. Kroufordning so'zlari keltirilgan: "Qanday qilib men Norma bilan raqobatlasha olaman? U xo'jayin bilan yotadi!"[35]

Krouford biri sifatida tanilgan 1926 yil WAMPAS chaqaloq yulduzlari, bilan birga Meri Astor, Dolores del Río, Janet Gaynor va Fay Wray, Boshqalar orasida. O'sha yili u birgalikda rol o'ynagan Parij bilan Charlz Rey. Bir necha yil ichida u MGMning eng yaxshi erkak yulduzlari, shu jumladan, romantik etakchiga aylandi Ramon Novarro, Jon Gilbert, Uilyam Xayns va Tim Makkoy.[36][37]

Krouford yosh karnaval yordamchisi sifatida paydo bo'ldi Noma'lum (1927), bosh rollarda Lon Chaney, Sr. unga uylanishga umid qiladigan qo'llari bo'lmagan karnaval pichog'i tashuvchisi sifatida. U aktyorlik faoliyati haqida kariyerasida boshqalarga qaraganda Chaneyning ishlarini tomosha qilish orqali ko'proq bilib olganligini aytdi. "O'shanda edi", dedi u, "men kamera oldida turish va aktyorlik o'rtasidagi farqni birinchi marta angladim". Shuningdek, 1927 yilda u o'zining yaqin do'sti bilan birga paydo bo'ldi, Uilyam Xayns, yilda Bahorgi isitma, bu er-xotin birgalikda yaratilgan uchta filmning birinchisi edi.[38][39]

1928 yilda Krouford Ramon Novarroga qarshi rol o'ynagan Singapur bo'ylab, lekin bu uning Diana Medford rolida edi Bizning raqsga tushadigan qizlarimiz (1928) uni yulduzga aylantirdi. Bu rol unga raqobatdosh zamonaviy 1920-yillar uslubidagi ayollik ramzi sifatida o'rnatildi Klara Bou, asl "It qiz" va Gollivudning eng muhimi qopqoq. Xitlar oqimi Bizning raqsga tushadigan qizlarimizKrouford o'z muxlislari legioni (ularning aksariyati ayollar bo'lgan) uchun erkin ruhli, barcha amerikalik qizning idealizatsiyalashgan tasavvurini o'zida mujassam etgan yana ikkita flapper mavzusidagi filmlarni o'z ichiga olgan.[40]

F. Skott Fitsjerald Krouford haqida shunday yozgan:[41]

Joan Krouford shubhasiz flapperning eng zo'r namunasi, nafislik tungi klublarida ko'rgan qiz, nafislik cho'qqisiga burkangan, muzli ko'zoynakni uzoqdan, achchiq ifoda bilan o'ynatgan, mazali raqsga tushgan, juda kulgan, keng, jarohatlangan. ko'zlar. Yashash qobiliyatiga ega bo'lgan yosh narsalar.

Krouford o'zining jozibali ekrandagi personajini qisqacha qisqacha tasvirlab berdi: "Agar siz qo'shni qizni ko'rishni istasangiz, qo'shni bo'ling".[42]

1929 yil 3-iyunda Krouford turmushga chiqdi Duglas Feyrbanks, kichik da Avliyo Malaxining Rim-katolik cherkovi (Brodvey teatrlariga yaqin bo'lganligi sababli "Aktyorlar cherkovi" nomi bilan tanilgan) Manxettenda, ammo katolik ham bo'lmagan.[43] Feyrbanks o'g'li edi Duglas Feyrbanks va o'gay o'g'li Meri Pikford, ular Gollivud qirolligi hisoblangan. Fairbanks, Sr va Pickford nikohga qarshi edilar va er-xotinni o'z uylariga taklif qilmadilar Pickfair nikohdan keyin sakkiz oy davomida.[15]

Krouford va Feyrbanks o'rtasidagi munosabatlar oxir-oqibat iliqlashdi; u uni Dug amaki, uni esa Billi, bolaligidagi taxallusi, ammo butun umri davomida yaqin do'stlari ishlatgan.[44] Ammo u va Pikford bir-birlarini xo'rlashni davom ettirdilar. Ushbu birinchi taklifdan so'ng Krouford va Feyrbanks kichikroq tez-tez mehmon bo'lishdi. Feyrbanks erkaklar birgalikda golf o'ynashgan bo'lsa-da, Krouford yoki uning kvartirasida nafaqaga chiqadigan Pikford bilan qoldi yoki shunchaki yolg'iz qoldi.[45]

O'zining janubi-g'arbiy talaffuzidan xalos bo'lish uchun Krouford tinimsiz diktsiya va ko'chib yurishni mashq qildi. U dedi:[46]

Agar men satrlar bilan gaplashadigan bo'lsam, o'zimga ovoz chiqarib o'qib, ovozimning sifati va ovozimni diqqat bilan tinglab, shu tarzda o'rganishga harakat qilish yaxshi bo'lardi. Men o'zimni xonamga qamab qo'yib, gazeta, jurnal va kitoblarni ovoz chiqarib o'qir edim. Tirsagimda lug'at saqladim. Bir so'zga kelganda qanday talaffuz qilishni bilmay qoldim, uni qidirib topdim va o'n besh marta to'g'ri takrorladim.

Ovozga o'tish va davom etayotgan muvaffaqiyat

Krouford 1932 yilda

Ozod qilinganidan keyin Jazz qo'shiqchisi 1927 yilda - ba'zi eshitiladigan dialogli birinchi metrajli film -ovozli filmlar hamma g'azabga aylandi. Tovushsizdan tovushga o'tish, kino sanoati bilan bog'liq bo'lgan ko'pchilik uchun, hatto hammasi uchun vahima tug'dirdi; ko'pgina jim kino yulduzlari o'zlarini yoqimsiz ovozlari va tushunilishi qiyin bo'lgan aksanlar tufayli yoki shunchaki tokiega o'tishni rad etishlari sababli o'zlarini ishsiz deb topishdi.

Ko'plab studiyalar va yulduzlar o'tishni iloji boricha uzoqroq qilishdan qochishdi, ayniqsa MGM, bu ovoz chiqarishga o'tgan eng yirik studiyalarning oxirgisi edi. 1929 yilgi Gollivud revyu kinostudiyaning birinchi barcha so'zlashuvchi filmlaridan biri bo'lib, ularning yulduzlarining ovozsiz holatga o'tishni qobiliyatini namoyish etish uchun birinchi urinishlari bo'ldi. Krouford filmga kiritilgan o'nlab yoki undan ortiq MGM yulduzlari orasida bo'lgan; u filmning birinchi partiyasida "Got a Feeling for You" qo'shig'ini kuylagan.

Krouford ko'p qirrali uzun metrajli filmdagi birinchi bosh rolni ijro etib, toki filmlarga muvaffaqiyatli o'tdi Uylanmagan (1929), bosh rollarda Robert Montgomeri. Film kassada muvaffaqiyat qozonganiga qaramay, tanqidchilar tomonidan turli xil baholashlar bo'lib, ular Krouford ovoz chiqarishga o'tishda asabiy bo'lib tuyulsa-da, u dunyodagi eng mashhur aktrisalardan biriga aylanganini ta'kidlashdi.[47] Montana oyi (1930), g'arbiy klişeler va musiqaning noqulay aralashmasi uni birlashtirdi Jon Mak Braun va Rikardo Kortez. Garchi film senzuralar bilan bog'liq muammolarga duch kelgan bo'lsa-da, u ekranga chiqqanda katta muvaffaqiyatga erishdi. Bizning qizarib ketgan kelinlarimiz (1930) ning so'nggi qismi Bizning raqsga tushadigan qizlarimiz Robert Montgomeri va birgalikda ishtirok etgan franchayzing Anita Peyj, bu erda Krouford "bu fotoplayda dramatizm yukini ko'taradi va ajoyib va ​​aqlli ravishda chiqadi".[48] Uning keyingi filmi, To'langan (1930), uni juftlashtirdi Robert Armstrong, va yana bir muvaffaqiyat edi. Dastlabki ovoz davrida MGM Kroufordni o'zining jim davridagi flapperlardan ilhomlangan shaxsini targ'ib qilishni davom ettirish o'rniga, yanada murakkab rollarda joylashtira boshladi.[49]

1931 yilda MGM Kroufordni beshta filmda suratga oldi. Ulardan uchtasi uni qarshi tomonga birlashtirdi Klark Geybl, studiya yaqinda eng katta erkak yulduz va "Gollivud qiroli" bo'ladi.[50] Raqs, ahmoqlar, raqslar, 1931 yil fevralda chiqarilgan, Krouford va Geyblning birinchi juftligi edi. Ularning ikkinchi filmi birgalikda, Gunohkorlar ustidan kulish, 1931 yil may oyida chiqarilgan, rejissyorlik qilgan Garri Bomont, shuningdek, birgalikda rol ijro etgan Nil Xemilton. Egalik qiladi, ularning oktyabr oyida chiqarilgan uchinchi filmi birgalikda suratga olingan Klarens Braun.[51] Ushbu filmlar tomoshabinlar orasida juda mashhur edi va odatda tanqidchilar tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilindi va Kroufordning o'n yillikdagi eng yaxshi ayol yulduzlaridan biri bo'lgan Kroufordning mavqeini mustahkamladi. Norma Sheirer, Greta Garbo va Jan Xarlou. Uning 1931 yildagi boshqa taniqli filmi, Ushbu zamonaviy asr, avgust oyida chiqarildi va noqulay sharhlarga qaramay o'rtacha muvaffaqiyatga erishdi.[52]

Crawford va Wallace Beery Grand Hotel (1932)

MGM uni keyingi filmga suratga oldi Grand Hotel, rejissor Edmund Goulding. Krouford studiyaning birinchi yulduz yulduzi sifatida Greta Garbo bilan birgalikda rol ijro etgan, Jon va Lionel Barrimor va Wallace Beery, Boshqalar orasida. Uchinchi hisob-kitobni olgach, u Berining boshqaruvchi bosh direktoriga o'rta sinf stenografini ijro etdi. Keyinchalik Krouford mahoratli aktyorlar bilan ishlagani uchun filmni suratga olish paytida asabiylashayotganini tan oldi va u "ilohiy Garbo" ga qoyil qolgan sahnalari bo'lmaganidan ko'ngli qolganini aytdi.[53] Grand Hotel 1932 yil aprel oyida tanqidiy va tijorat muvaffaqiyatlari bilan ozod qilindi.[54] Bu yilning eng ko'p daromad keltirgan filmlaridan biri edi,[55] va g'olib bo'ldi "Eng yaxshi film" uchun Oskar mukofoti.[56]

Krouford doimiy muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi Letti Lynton (1932). Ushbu film chiqarilgandan ko'p o'tmay, plagiat da'vosi MGM-ni uni qaytarib olishga majbur qildi; shuning uchun u "yo'qolgan" Krouford filmi deb hisoblanadi. Loyihalashtirilgan Adrian, Kroufordning filmda kiygan katta yengli yengi bilan xalati o'sha yili mashhur uslubga aylandi va hattoki uni nusxa ko'chirdi Macy's.[57]

Qarzga Birlashgan rassomlar, u fohisha Sadie Tompsonni o'ynagan Yomg'ir (1932), ning film versiyasi Jon Kolton 1923 yilgi o'yin. Aktrisa Janna Eagels sahnada rol o'ynagan va Gloriya Swanson qismidagi ekranda paydo bo'lgan 1928 yil film versiyasi. Kroufordning ijrosi panjara ostida qoldi va film muvaffaqiyatli bo'lmadi.[58] Muvaffaqiyatsiz bo'lishiga qaramay Yomg'ir, 1932 yilda birinchi "O'nta pul ishlovchi yulduzlarning so'rovnomasi" nashr etilishi Kroufordni kassada mashhurligi bo'yicha uchinchi o'ringa qo'ydi Mari Dressler va Janet Gaynor. U keyingi bir necha yil davomida ro'yxatda qoldi, oxirgi marta 1936 yilda paydo bo'ldi. 1933 yil may oyida Krouford "og'ir ruhiy shafqatsizlik" deb Feyrbanks bilan ajrashdi. Krouford Feyrbanksning do'stlariga nisbatan "hasadgo'ylik va shubhali munosabat" borligini va ular "tunga qadar" davom etadigan "eng ahamiyatsiz mavzular to'g'risida balandparvoz tortishuvlarga ega" deb da'vo qilishdi.[59]

Krouford a hali ham dan Beery bilan Grand Hotel

Ajrashganidan so'ng, u yana Klark Gable bilan birga edi Franchot ohang va Fred Aster, xitda Raqsga tushgan xonim (1933), unda u eng yaxshi hisob-kitoblarni oldi. Keyin u bosh rolni o'ynadi Sadi McKee (1934), Tone qarshisida va Jin Raymond. U beshinchi marta Geybl bilan bog'langan Zanjirlangan (1934) va oltinchi marta Boshqalarni tashlab ketish (1934). Kroufordning ushbu davrdagi filmlari 1930-yillarning o'rtalarida eng ommabop va eng ko'p daromad olgan filmlardan biri bo'lgan.[60]

1935 yilda Krouford Nyu-Yorkdagi sahna aktyori Franchot Tonega turmushga chiqdi, u o'zining teatr guruhini moliyalashtirish uchun filmdan topgan pullarini sarflashni rejalashtirgan. Er-xotin Kroufordning Brentvud uyida kichik teatr qurishdi va Klark Geybl va Charley Chayz singari mashhur Brentvud hududida yashagan taniqli do'stlar guruhlari uchun klassik spektakllar yaratdilar.[61] Tone va Krouford avval birga paydo bo'lgan Bugun biz yashayapmiz (1933), ammo Krouford Feyrbanksdan ajralib chiqqanidan ko'p o'tmay, boshqa romantikaga kirishga ikkilanib turardi.[62]

Nikohdan oldin va ular davomida Krouford Tonning Gollivuddagi karerasini targ'ib qilishda ishlagan, ammo u yulduz bo'lishni xohlamagan, oxir-oqibat shunchaki aktyor bo'lishni xohlagan va Krouford bu harakatlardan charchagan.[63] Nikoh paytida ular bolalar uchun ikkita alohida holatda, ikkalasi ham abort bilan tugashdi.[13] Aytilishicha, Tone ichishni boshlagan va jismoniy zo'ravonlikka aylangan. U 1939 yilda berilgan ajrashish uchun ariza berdi.[64] Keyinchalik Krouford va Tone do'stligini qayta tiklashdi va Tone 1964 yilda yana turmush qurishni taklif qildi. 1968 yilda vafot etganida, Krouford uni yoqib yuborishni va kulini Kanadaning Muskoka ko'llarida sochib yuborishni tashkil qildi.[65]

Krouford 1930 yillarning o'rtalarida mashhur kino aktrisasi sifatida o'z hukmronligini davom ettirdi. Boshqa xonimlar yo'q (1935) Robert Montgomeri va o'sha paytdagi eri Frenxot Tone bilan birgalikda rol o'ynagan va muvaffaqiyatga erishgan. Krouford uzoq vaqtdan beri MGMning boshi bilan iltijo qilgan edi Lui B. Mayer uni dramatikroq rollarga surish uchun va xohlamagan bo'lsa-da, uni murakkab komediya-dramaga tashladi Men o'z hayotimni yashayman (1935), rejissyorlik qilgan V. S. Van Deyk, va tanqidchilar tomonidan yaxshi qabul qilindi.

Keyin u rol o'ynadi Ajoyib Hussy (1936), aksincha Robert Teylor va Lionel Barrymore, shuningdek Tone. Bu juda muhim va kassadagi muvaffaqiyat edi va Kroufordning o'n yillikdagi eng katta xitlaridan biriga aylandi. Yugurishdagi sevgi (1936), rejissyor V. S. Van Deyk tomonidan yaratilgan romantik komediya, uning Klark Gobl bilan birga ishtirok etgan ettinchi filmi edi.

"Kassa zahari"

Krouford Fay Cheyney rolida Xeyni xonimning oxirgisi (1937)

Krouford hurmatga sazovor bo'lgan MGM aktrisasi bo'lib qolsa ham va uning filmlari hali ham daromad keltirar edi, 1930-yillarning oxirida uning mashhurligi pasayib ketdi. 1937 yilda Krouford tomonidan birinchi "Filmlar malikasi" deb e'lon qilindi Hayot jurnal. U kutilmaganda o'sha yili kassalarda ettinchi o'rindan o'n oltinchi o'ringa tushib ketdi va uning ommaviyligi ham susay boshladi.[66] Richard Boleslavskiy komediya-dramasi Xeyni xonimning oxirgisi (1937) uning qarama-qarshi tomonlarini birlashtirdi Uilyam Pauell ularning yagona ekran juftligida. Film, shuningdek, Kroufordning "kassada zaharlanish" davri boshlanishidan oldingi so'nggi kassadagi muvaffaqiyati bo'ldi.

U Franchot Tone filmida ettinchi va oxirgi marta birgalikda rol ijro etdi Kelin qizil edi (1937). Aksariyat tanqidchilar tomonidan film umuman yomon ko'rib chiqildi. Shuningdek, u moliyaviy zarar ko'rdi va MGM-ning yilning eng katta muvaffaqiyatsizliklaridan biriga aylandi. Manken, birgalikda ijro etgan Spenser Treysi, shuningdek, 1937 yilda chiqarilgan Nyu-York Tayms "Kroufordni ishchi qizlarning malikasi sifatida o'z taxtiga tiklang" deb ta'kidladi.

Krouford ikkinchi eri, aktyor bilan Franchot ohang, 1936

1938 yil 3-mayda Krouford - Greta Garbo, Norma Shirer bilan birga Luiz Rayner, Jon Barrimor, Katarin Xepbern, Fred Aster, Dolores del Río va boshqalar - "deb nomlangan"Kassa zahari "ochiq xatida Mustaqil kino jurnali. Ro'yxatni Amerikaning mustaqil teatr egalari assotsiatsiyasi prezidenti Garri Brandt taqdim etdi. Brandt ta'kidlashicha, ushbu yulduzlar "shubhasiz" dramatik qobiliyatlarga ega bo'lishsa-da, ularning yuqori maoshlari chiptalarni sotishda o'z aksini topmagan va shu bilan bog'liq bo'lgan film namoyishchilariga zarar etkazgan. Kroufordning keyingi filmi, Yorqin soat (1938), bosh rollarda Margaret Sullavan va Melvin Duglas, tanqidchilar tomonidan yaxshi kutib olindi, ammo bu kassa flopi edi.[67]

U 1939 yilda "Kristal Allen" filmidagi uy egasi rolida qaytishni amalga oshirdi Ayollar, uning professional dushmani Norma Shirerga qarama-qarshi. Bir yil o'tgach, u Julianing bejirim rolidagi turiga qarshi o'ynadi G'alati yuk (1940), uning sakkizinchi va so'nggi filmi - Klark Gobl bilan. Keyinchalik u yuzidagi qiyofali shantajchi rolini o'ynadi Ayolning yuzi (1941), shved filmining remeyki Eng kvinnas ansikte yulduz bo'lgan Ingrid Bergman uch yil oldin bosh rolda. Film faqatgina o'rtacha kassa muvaffaqiyatiga erishgan bo'lsa-da, Kroufordning ijrosi ko'plab tanqidchilar tomonidan olqishlangan.[68]

Krouford o'zining birinchi farzandi - qizini 1940 yilda asrab olgan. U turmushga chiqmaganligi sababli Kaliforniya qonunchiligi uning shtat ichida farzandlikka olishiga to'sqinlik qildi; shunday qilib, u Las-Vegasdagi agentlik orqali farzandlikka olishni tashkil qildi. Krouford ismini o'zgartirguncha, bola vaqtincha Joan deb nomlangan Kristina. Krouford aktyorga uylandi Filipp Terri olti oylik uchrashuvdan so'ng, 1942 yil 21-iyulda.[69] Birgalikda er-xotin o'g'lini qabul qildilar, unga Kristofer ism berishdi, ammo uning tug'ilgan onasi bolani qaytarib oldi. Er-xotin yana bir bolani asrab olishdi, unga Filipp Terri ismini berishdi, kichik 194. Nikoh tugagandan so'ng, Krouford bu bolaning ismini Kristofer Kroufordga o'zgartirdi.

18 yildan so'ng, Krawfordning MGM bilan shartnomasi 1943 yil 29 iyunda o'zaro kelishuv asosida bekor qilindi. Uning shartnomasi bo'yicha qolgan so'nggi film o'rniga MGM uni 100 ming dollarga sotib oldi.

Warner Bros.-ga o'tish

500 ming dollarga Krouford imzoladi Warner Bros. 1943 yil 1-iyulda ish haqi hisobiga yozilgan. Uch studiya uchun uning birinchi filmi shu edi Gollivud oshxonasi (1944), u butun o'sha paytdagi boshqa bir qator eng yaxshi kino yulduzlari bilan birlashtirilgan barcha yulduzlarning ruhiy holatini ko'taruvchi film. Kroufordning ta'kidlashicha, Warner Bros. bilan imzolangan asosiy sabablaridan biri, 1944 yilda taklif qilingan film versiyasida "Mattie" obrazini ijro etishni xohlaganligi. Edit Varton roman Ethan Frome (1911).

Mildred Pirs treyler (1945)

U bosh rolni o'ynashni xohladi Mildred Pirs (1945), ammo Bette Devis studiyaning birinchi tanlovi edi. Biroq, Devis rolni rad etdi. Direktor Maykl Kurtiz Kroufordning bu rolni o'ynashini istamadi va aksincha, u kasting uchun lobbichilik qildi Barbara Stenvayk. Warner Bros. Kertizga qarshi chiqdi va filmda Krouford rolini ijro etdi. Filmning butun ishlab chiqarish jarayonida Kurtiz Kroufordni tanqid qildi. "U bu erga baland shlyapa havosi va xudo la'natlagan yelkalari bilan keladi ... Nega men ilgari bo'lgan rejissyorga vaqtimni sarflashim kerak?"[70] Kertiz Krouforddan ekran sinovini o'tkazib, o'zining mosligini isbotlashni talab qildi; u rozi bo'ldi. Sinovdan so'ng Kurtiz Kroufordning kastingiga rozi bo'ldi. Kurtiz Krouforddan yelkalarini kiyganlikda gumon qilganida va u kiyimining yuqori qismini yirtib tashlaganida, kostyum armaturalari suratga olinishni boshladi. U: "Rahmat, men sutyen kiygan edim", dedi.[71] Mildred Pirs ajoyib tanqidiy va tijorat muvaffaqiyatlari bo'ldi. Bu yaqqol vizual uslubni va qattiq qaynatilganlarni epitomizatsiya qildi film noir qirqinchi yillarning oxiridagi Warner Bros filmlarini aniqlaydigan sezgirlik. Krouford bu pulni qo'lga kiritdi Akademiya mukofoti uchun Bosh roldagi eng yaxshi aktrisa.[72]

Muvaffaqiyat Mildred Pirs Kroufordning kino faoliyatini qayta tikladi. Bir necha yil davomida u "birinchi darajali seriyali" deb nomlangan filmda rol o'ynadi melodramalar "Uning keyingi filmi edi Gumoresk (1946), bosh rollarda Jon Garfild, keksa ayol va yosh erkak o'rtasidagi sevgi munosabatlari haqidagi romantik drama. U yonida rol o'ynagan Van Xeflin yilda Egalik qiladi (1947), u uchun u ikkinchi Oskar mukofotiga sazovor bo'ldi. Yilda Daisy Kenyon (1947), u qarshi chiqdi Dana Endryus va Genri Fonda va Flamingo yo'li (1949), uning fe'l-atvori buzilgan janubiy sherif bilan oxir-oqibat halokatli janjalga ega Sidney Grinstrit. U kameo yaratdi Bu ajoyib tuyg'u (1949), o'zining ekran tasviriga qiziqish uyg'otdi. 1950 yilda u noir filmida rol o'ynagan Jin ursin yig'lamang va melodramada Harriet Kreyg.

1947 yilda Krouford yana ikkita bolani asrab oldi, ularni Sindi va Keti deb atadi. Bolalar asrab olindi Tennessi bolalar uylari jamiyati tomonidan boshqariladigan bolalar uyi / bolalar savdosi bo'limi Jorjiya Tann, ko'plab bolasiz Gollivud yulduzlari tomonidan qabul qilish uchun foydalanadigan manba[73] Tanning kashfiyoti va o'limi 1952 yilda sharmandalik bilan boshlangunga qadar.[74]

Tugagandan so'ng Bu ayol xavfli (1952), "Krouford" filmi uni "eng yomon" deb atagan, u Warner Bros. shartnomasidan ozod qilinishini so'ragan. Bu vaqtga kelib u "zaif skriptlar, kambag'al etakchi erkaklar va tajribasiz operatorlar" tufayli Uornerlar unga bo'lgan qiziqishini yo'qotayotganini sezdi, shuning uchun u davom etish vaqti keldi deb qaror qildi.[75] Xuddi shu yili, u uchinchi va oxirgi - "Oskar" mukofotiga nomzodini oldi To'satdan qo'rquv uchun RKO Radio Rasmlari.

Radio va televidenie

Krouford radio seriallarida ishlagan Ekran gildiyasi teatri 1939 yil 8-yanvarda; Xush habar; Chaqaloq, 1940 yil 2 martda efirga uzatilgan Arch Oboler "s Chiroqlar yonadi; So'z kuni Everyman teatri (1941); Zanjirlangan ustida Lyuks radio teatri va Norman Korvin "s Hujjat A / 777 (1948). U 1950-yillarda antologiya teleserialining epizodlarida paydo bo'lgan va 1959 yilda uchuvchi bo'lgan Joan Krouford shousi.[76]

Al Stil va Pepsi-Cola kompaniyasi

Krouford to'rtinchi va so'nggi eriga uylandi. Alfred Stil, da Flamingo mehmonxonasi 1955 yil 10-mayda Las-Vegasda.[77] Krouford va Stil 1950 yilda Stil ijrochi lavozimida bo'lganida bir ziyofatda uchrashishgan PepsiCo. Ular 1954 yilda Yangi yil bayramida o'zlarining tanishuvlarini yangilashdi. O'sha paytda Stil Pepsi-Cola prezidenti bo'ldi.[78] Keyinchalik u Pepsi-Cola boshqaruv kengashi raisi va bosh direktori etib tayinlandi. Krouford nikohdan keyin Pepsi nomidan ko'p sayohat qildi. Uning taxmin qilishicha, u kompaniya uchun 100000 mildan ko'proq yo'l bosib o'tgan.[79]

Stil 1959 yil aprel oyida yurak xurujidan vafot etdi. Dastlab Kroufordga uning xizmatlari endi talab qilinmasligi haqida maslahat berishdi. U voqeani aytib berganidan keyin Louella Parsons, Pepsi o'z pozitsiyasini o'zgartirib yubordi va Krouford direktorlar kengashidagi bo'sh o'rinni egallash uchun saylandi.[80]

Krouford oltinchi yillik "Pally Award" mukofotini oldi, u bronza Pepsi shishasi shaklida edi. Bu kompaniya sotuviga eng katta hissa qo'shgan xodimga topshirildi. 1973 yilda Krouford kompaniya rahbariyatining buyrug'i bilan kompaniyadan nafaqaga chiqishga majbur bo'ldi Don Kendall, Krouford ko'p yillar davomida uni "Tish" deb atagan.[23]

Keyinchalik martaba

1953 yilda Lui B. Mayer premyerasida Mash'al qo'shig'i.
"Men uchun L.B. Mayer mening otam, taniqli otam, mening eng yaxshi do'stim edi", - deya Krouford so'zlarini keltirgan.[81]

1952 yillarda "Oskar" mukofotiga sazovor bo'lganidan keyin To'satdan qo'rquv, Krouford qolgan o'n yil davomida barqaror ishlashda davom etdi. MGM-da 10 yillik yo'qligidan so'ng, u yulduzni tomosha qilish uchun o'sha studiyaga qaytib keldi Mash'al qo'shig'i (1953), o'ynagan ko'r pianistoni sevib qolgan talabchan sahna yulduzi hayotiga yo'naltirilgan musiqiy drama Maykl Uilding. Garchi ushbu film Kroufordning eng katta qaytishi sifatida tanilgan bo'lsa-da, bugungi kunda taniqli va moliyaviy muvaffaqiyatsizlikka uchradi lager Shikoyat qilish. 1954 yilda u rol o'ynadi Jonni gitara, a kult klassik rejissor Nikolas Rey, birgalikda ijro etgan Sterling Xeyden va Mercedes McCambridge. U shuningdek rol o'ynagan Plyajdagi ayol (1955) bilan Jeff Chandler va Qirolicha asalari (1955), yonida Jon Irlandiya. Keyingi yil u yosh yigitning qarshisida rol o'ynadi Kliff Robertson yilda Kuzgi barglar (1956) va bosh rolni suratga oldi Ester Kostelloning hikoyasi (1957), bosh rollarda Rossano Brazzi. Alfred Stilning o'limidan keyin pulsiz qolgan Krouford,[82] ichida kichik rolni qabul qildi Hamma narsaning eng yaxshisi (1959). Garchi u filmning yulduzi bo'lmagan bo'lsa-da, u ijobiy sharhlarni oldi. Keyinchalik Krouford rolni uning shaxsiy sevimlilaridan biri deb atagan. 1961 yilga kelib, Joan Krouford yana o'zining shaxsiy reklama mashinasi bo'ldi va yangi ssenariy bilan "Baby Jeynga nima bo'ldi?" Yubordi. Robert Aldrich.[83]

Facial shot of a dishevelled middle-aged woman on the telephone.
Krouford Blanche Xadson rolida

Krouford sobiq keksa, nogiron Blanche Hudson rolini ijro etdi A-ro'yxat uning psixotik singlisidan qo'rqib yashaydigan kino yulduzi Jeyn, juda muvaffaqiyatli psixologik trillerda Chaqaloq Jeynda nima bo'lgan? (1962). Xabarlarga ko'ra, aktrisalarning oldingi keskinliklariga qaramay, Krouford taklif qilgan Bette Devis Jeynning roli uchun. Ikki yulduz ular o'rtasida hech qanday adovat yo'qligini jamoatchilik oldida ta'kidladilar. Direktor, Robert Aldrich, reklama mish-mishlarini kuchaytirib, Devis va Kroufordning har biri filmning o'z martabalari uchun qanchalik muhimligini bilishini tushuntirdi va "Ular bir-birlarini chinakamiga nafratlantirgan deb aytish to'g'ri, ammo ular o'zlarini juda yaxshi tutishdi", deb izoh berishdi.[84]

Filmni suratga olish ishlari tugagandan so'ng, ularning bir-biriga qarshi bildirgan izohlari ularning adovatini umrbod adovatga undadi. Film Devis va Kroufordning karerasini tiklagan holda butun mamlakat bo'ylab namoyish etilgandan so'ng o'n bir kun ichida o'z xarajatlarini qoplab, katta muvaffaqiyatlarga erishdi. Jeyms Hudson rolini ijro etganligi uchun Devis Oskar mukofotiga nomzod bo'lgan. Krouford ushbu toifadagi boshqa "Oskar" nomzodlarining har biri bilan bog'landi (Katarin Xepbern, Li Remik, Geraldine Page va Anne Bancroft, Sharqiy sohilda joylashgan barcha aktrisalar), agar ular marosimda ishtirok eta olmasalar, u Oskarni ularning nomidan qabul qilishdan xursand bo'lishlarini ularga xabar berish uchun; barchasi kelishib oldilar. Devis ham, Krouford ham sahnada edi - Krouford yo'qligida eng yaxshi rejissyorni taqdim etgan Anne Bancroft g'olib deb e'lon qilindi va Krouford uning nomidan mukofotni qabul qildi. Devis butun hayoti davomida Kroufordning unga qarshi kampaniya o'tkazganini da'vo qilgan, Krouford buni rad etgan.[83]

O'sha yili Krouford Lusi Harbin rolini ijro etgan Uilyam qasri dahshatli sir Boğaz-ko'ylagi (1964). Robert Aldrich Krouford va Devisni maydonga tushirishdi Tinch ... Tinchlaning, shirin Sharlotta (1964). Devis tomonidan Luiziana shtatidagi ta'qib kampaniyasidan so'ng, Krouford kasalxonaga kirib Gollivudga qaytib keldi. Krouford kasal bo'lib yurganlikda ayblanib, uzoq vaqt yo'q bo'lganidan so'ng, Aldrich uni almashtirishga majbur bo'ldi Olivia de Havilland. Tushkunlikka tushgan Krouford: "O'zimni almashtirish haqidagi xabarni radio orqali eshitdim, kasalxonamdagi yotoqda yotdim ... To'qqiz soat yig'ladim".[85] Krouford Devis va Aldrichga qarshi butun umr davomida nafratlanib, Aldrich haqida: "U yovuz, dahshatli, qabih narsalarni yaxshi ko'radigan odam", deb aytdi, bunga Aldrich "Agar poyabzal mos kelsa, uni kiy, men esa juda Miss Kroufordni yaxshi ko'radi ".[86] O'zgartirilganiga qaramay, Kroufordning taksida keng kadrda o'tirganini ko'rgan qisqa metrajli filmga tushdi.[87]

Tungi galereya qism (1969)

1965 yilda u Emi Nelson rolini ijro etdi Siz nima qilganingizni ko'rdim, yana bir Uilyam qal'asi vositasi. U Monika Rivers rolini o'ynagan Herman Koen dahshatli triller filmi Berserk! (1967). Film namoyish etilgandan so'ng, Krouford o'zi kabi mehmon rolini ijro etdi Lucy Show. "Lucy and the Lost Star" epizodi birinchi bo'lib 1968 yil 26 fevralda namoyish etilgan. Krouford mashq paytida qiynalgan va sahnada eng ko'p ichgan, etakchi serial yulduzi bo'lgan. Lyussil to'pi bilan almashtirishni taklif qilish Gloriya Swanson. Biroq, Krouford Charlstonda raqs tushishni o'z ichiga olgan shou kuni harflarga zo'r edi va studiya tomoshabinlarining ikki qarsaklarini oldi.[88]

1968 yil oktyabrda Kroufordning 29 yoshli qizi Kristina (u Nyu-Yorkda seriyali operada o'ynagan) Yashirin bo'ron ), tuxumdon o'smasi yorilishi uchun tez tibbiy yordam zarur. Kristinaning xarakteri 28 yoshda bo'lganiga va Krouford oltmish yoshga kirganiga qaramay, Krouford Kristina qaytib kelguncha o'z rolini o'ynashni taklif qildi, bu prodyuserga Gloriya Monti osonlikcha rozi bo'ldi.[89]

Kroufordning 1969 yilgi televizion filmda paydo bo'lishi Tungi galereya (keyinchalik ketma-ket uchuvchi bo'lib xizmat qilgan) ulardan birini belgilagan Stiven Spilberg eng qadimgi rejissyorlik ishlari. Krouford birinchi epizodda o'zini o'zi kabi epizodik ko'rinishga keltirdi Tim Konvey shousi 1970 yil 30 yanvarda efirga uzatilgan. U so'nggi marta katta ekranda rol o'ynagan, Herman Koenning ilmiy-fantastik dahshatli filmida doktor Brokkton rolini o'ynagan. Trog (1970), 45 yil va 80 dan ortiq kinofilmlarni o'z ichiga olgan karerasini yakunladi. Krouford yana uchta teledasturda ishtirok etdi, shu jumladan 1970 yilgi epizodda ("Qobus") Stefani Uayt. Virjiniyalik va Joan Fairchild (uning so'nggi dramatik namoyishi) sifatida 1972 yildagi epizodda ("Aziz Joan: biz seni o'limga qo'rqitamiz") Oltinchi tuyg'u.[90]

Yakuniy yillar

1970 yilda Kroufordga Sesil B. DeMil mukofoti tomonidan Jon Ueyn da Oltin globus, qaysi Coconut Grove dan teledastur qilingan Elchi mehmonxonasi Los-Anjelesda. U 1922 yilda ikki oy talaba bo'lgan Stephens kollejida ham gapirdi.[91]

Krouford o'zining tarjimai holini nashr etdi, Joan portreti, bilan birgalikda yozilgan Jeyn Kesner Ardmor, 1962 yilda Doubleday orqali. Kroufordning navbatdagi kitobi, Mening hayotim, tomonidan 1971 yilda nashr etilgan Simon va Shuster. Krawfordning puxta yo'llari uning tashqi ko'rinishi, shkafi, jismoniy mashqlar va hatto oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini saqlash bo'yicha tavsiyalarida aniqlangan bo'lsa-da, beparvolikni kutayotganlar umidsizlikka tushishdi. Uning o'limidan so'ng, fotosuratlar Jon F. Kennedi (kim uchun u ovoz bergan 1960 yilgi prezident saylovi )[92] xonadonidan topilgan.

1973 yil sentyabr oyida Krouford 22-G kvartiradan, Sharqiy 69-ko'chadagi 150-sonli Imperatorlar uyidagi 22-H kichik xonadonga ko'chib o'tdi. Her last public appearance was made on September 23, 1974, at a book party cohosted with her old friend Rozalind Rassel Nyu-Yorkda Kamalak xonasi. Russell was suffering from breast cancer and arthritis at the time. When Crawford saw the unflattering photos that appeared in the papers the next day, she said "If that's how I look, then they won't see me anymore."[93] Crawford cancelled all public appearances, began declining interviews, and left her apartment less and less. Dental problems, including surgery which left her needing round-the-clock nursing care, plagued her from 1972 until mid-1975. While on antibiotics for this problem in October 1974, her drinking caused her to pass out, slip, and strike her face. Whether it was this incident or her return to religion, Xristian ilmi, she quit drinking in 1974.[94]

O'lim va meros

On May 6, 1977, Crawford gave away her Shih Tzu, Princess Lotus Blossom, because she was too weak to continue to care for her.[95][96] Crawford died on May 10, 1977, at her apartment in Lenox tepaligi, New York City, of a miokard infarkti (yurak xuruji).[97] A funeral was held at Campbell Funeral Home, New York, on May 13, 1977. In her will, which was signed on October 28, 1976, Crawford bequeathed to her two youngest children, Cindy and Cathy, $77,500 each from her $2 million estate.

She explicitly disinherited the two eldest, Christina and Christopher: "It is my intention to make no provision herein for my son, Christopher, or my daughter, Christina, for reasons which are well known to them."[98] Both of them challenged the will and received a $55,000 settlement.[99] She also bequeathed nothing to her niece, Joan Lowe (1933–1999; born Joan Crawford LeSueur, the only child of her estranged brother, Hal). Crawford left money to her favorite charities: the USO of New York, the Kinofilm va televidenie qishloq uyi va kasalxonasi, Amerika saraton kasalligi jamiyati, Muskul distrofiyasi assotsiatsiyasi, Amerika yurak assotsiatsiyasi, and the Wiltwyck School for Boys.[100] Ikkinchi Jahon urushi paytida u a'zosi bo'lgan American Women's Voluntary Services.[101]

A memorial service was held for Crawford at All Souls' Unitarian Church on Lexington Avenue in New York on May 16, 1977. In attendance were long-time friend Mirna Loy va yulduzlar Jeraldin Bruks va Kliff Robertson, who gave eulogies; Pearl Bailey sang "He'll Understand".[99] Another memorial service, organized by Jorj Kukor, was held on June 24 in the Samuel Goldwyn teatri da Kino san'ati va fanlari akademiyasi in Beverly Hills, California. Crawford was cremated, and her ashes placed in a crypt with her fourth and final husband, Alfred Steele, in Fernkliff qabristoni, Hartsdale, New York.[102]

Joan Crawford's grave at Ferncliff Cemetery and Mausoleum

Joan Crawford's handprints and footprints are immortalized in the forecourt of Graumanning Xitoy teatri Gollivudda.[103] Uning yulduzi bor Gollivudning Shon-sharaf xiyoboni, at 1752 Vine Street, for her contributions to the motion picture industry.[104] Playboy listed Crawford as #84 of the "100 Sexiest Women of the 20th century".[105] In 1999, Crawford was also voted the tenth greatest female star of the classic American cinema by the Amerika kino instituti.[106]

Crawford has also attracted a following in the gay community. Yilda Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography, the author explains that Crawford appeals to many gay men because they sympathize with her struggle for success in both the entertainment industry and her personal life.[101]

Mommie Azizim

Asosiy maqola: Mommie Azizim

In November 1978, Christina Crawford published Mommie Azizim, which contained allegations that her late adoptive mother was emotionally and physically abusive to Christina and her brother Christopher because she chose fame and her career over parenthood.

Many of Crawford's friends and co-workers, including Van Jonson, Ann Blyth, Mirna Loy, Katarin Xepbern, Sezar Romero, Gari Grey, Duglas Feyrbanks kichik (Crawford's first husband), and Crawford's two other younger daughters, Cathy and Cindy, denounced the book, categorically denying any abuse.[107] Others including Betti Xatton, Xelen Xeys,[108] Jeyms Makartur (Hayes' son),[109] Iyun Ellison,[110] va Vinsent Sherman[111] stated they had witnessed some form of abusive behavior.

Mommie Azizim became a best-seller, and was made into the 1981 film Mommie Azizim, bosh rollarda Faye Dunaway as Crawford.[112]

Ommaviy madaniyatda

Pictures of Crawford were used in the album artwork of The Rolling Stones album Main St-da surgun (1972).[113]

Four years after her death, Moviy Öyster kulti qo'shig'ini chiqardi "Joan Krouford " as part of their album Fire of Unknown Origin (1981).

The alleged feud between Crawford and Bette Davis is depicted in the 1989 book Bette and Joan: The Divine Feud. It was fueled by competition over film roles, Academy Awards, and Franchot Tone (Joan Crawford's second husband), who was Davis's co-star in 1935's Xavfli.[114]

The Crawford-Davis rivalry is the subject of the 2017 first season of the television series Adovat, inspired by the book and subtitled Bette and Joan. Crawford is played by Jessica Lange, and Davis is played by Syuzan Sarandon.[115][116] As of 2018, any streaming/airing of this series was stopped by restraint order from lower California courts until Olivia de Havilland could be heard by the United States Supreme Court on whether producers had the right to use her likeness (played by Ketrin Zeta-Jons ) without permission despite her being a public figure.[117] In January 2019, the Supreme Court refused to hear the case.[118]

Filmografiya va mukofotlar

Asosiy maqola: Joan Crawford filmography

Avtobiografiyalar

  • — (1962). A Portrait of Joan: The Autobiography of Joan Crawford. Ikki kun. ISBN  978-1-258-17238-1.
  • — (1971). My Way of Life. Simon va Shuster. ISBN  978-0-671-78568-0.

Izohlar

  1. ^ a b Crawford's year of birth is uncertain, as various sources claim 1904,[1][2][3] 1905,[4][5] 1906,[6][7] and 1908.[8][9] Crawford herself widely claimed 1908 (the date on her tombstone).[10] Crawford's daughter Christina states "1904" twice in the biography Mommie Azizim, published in 1978.[11]

Adabiyotlar

  1. ^ Thomas S. Hischak (2008). The Oxford Companion to the American Musical:Theatre, Film, and Television: Theatre, Film, and Television. Oksford universiteti matbuoti. p. 174. ISBN  978-0-19-533533-0. Crawford, Joan [born Lucille Fay LeSueur] (1904-1977)
  2. ^ David Bret (2009). Joan Crawford: Hollywood Martyr. Da Capo Press. p. 8. ISBN  978-0-7867-3236-4. She was born Lucille Fay LeSueur, most likely on 23 March 1904 (though she always maintained it was 1908, when birth certificates became state mandatory...)
  3. ^ Mark Knowles (2009). The Wicked Waltz and Other Scandalous Dances: Outrage at Couple Dancing in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. McFarland. p. 233. ISBN  978-0-7864-3708-5. Joan Crawford was born Lucille Fay LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas on March 23, 1904. (After she was famous, the date of her birth mysteriously changed to 1906 or 1908)
  4. ^ Susan Ware (2004). Taniqli amerikalik ayollar: Yigirmanchi asrni yakunlovchi biografik lug'at. Garvard universiteti matbuoti. p. 143. ISBN  978-0-674-01488-6. offers the birth date of March 23, 1905
  5. ^ Peter Cowie (2009). Joan Crawford: The Enduring Star. Michigan universiteti. ISBN  978-0-8478-3066-4. On March 23, 1908, by her own reckoning (although the real date may have been 1905, or even 1904), Lucille Fay LeSueur was born ...
  6. ^ Donald Spoto (2010). Possessed: The Life of Joan Crawford. HarperCollins. p.6. ISBN  978-0-06-202020-8.
  7. ^ Donna Marie Nowak (2010). Just Joan: A Joan Crawford Appreciation. BearManor Media. pp. 583–. GGKEY:5Y2F5EPURAR.
  8. ^ Lawrence J. Quirk; William Schoell (2002). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. p.1. ISBN  978-0-8131-2254-0. On March 23, 1904, in San Antonio, Texas, Anna Bell Johnson LeSueur gave birth to a little girl, whom she and her husband, Thomas, named Lucille Fay. Lucille was the couple's third child; another daughter, Daisy, had died in infancy, and Lucille's brother, Hal, had been born the previous year. (Many years later, when little Lucille was the famous woman known to the world as Joan Crawford, the year of her birth mysteriously changed to 1906 or 1908.)
  9. ^ "The Second Rise of Joan Crawford". Hayot. June 23, 1947. p. 45. ISSN  0024-3019. Olingan 23 mart, 2020. The year of Miss Crawford's birth has been variously identified as 1904, 1906, 1908, and 1909, the last being her own favorite..
  10. ^ Scott Wilson (2016). Dam olish joylari: 14000 dan ortiq taniqli odamlarning dafn etilgan joylari, 3d nashr. McFarland. p. 165. ISBN  978-1-4766-2599-7. Crawford, Joan (Lucille LeSueur, March 23, 1904 – May 10, 1977) San Antonio born film star.... Her ashes were placed in the vault beside the coffin of her husband, with the crypt listing her birth year as 1908.
  11. ^ Christina Crawford (2017). Mommie Azizim. Open Road Media. ISBN  978-1-5040-4908-5. My mother was born Lucille LeSueur in San Antonio, Texas, in 1904, although when she came to Hollywood, she lied about her age and changed the year to 1908.:20 Publicly, her birth date was reported as March 23, 1908, but Grandmother told me that she was actually born in 1904.":66
  12. ^ Miller, Juli. "Fact-Checking Feud: Joan Crawford and Bette Davis's 1963 Oscar Showdown". HWD. Olingan 22 sentyabr, 2017.
  13. ^ a b Spoto, Donald (February 3, 2011). Possessed: The Life of Joan Crawford. Tasodifiy uy. p. 286. ISBN  978-1-4070-8811-2.
  14. ^ Day, Elizabeth. "I'll never forgive Mommie: Joan Crawford's daughter gives first interview in 10 years". The Guardian. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Bret, David (2009). Joan Crawford: Hollywood Martyr. Da Capo Press. p. 1. ISBN  978-0-7867-3236-4.
  16. ^ a b Lawrence J. Quirk; William Schoell (2013). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. p. 1. ISBN  978-0-8131-4411-5.
  17. ^ Considine, p. 4
  18. ^ a b Spoto, Donald (2010). Possessed – the Life of Joan Crawford. Harper Kollinz. pp.6–14. ISBN  978-0-06-185600-6.
  19. ^ Newquist, p. 25
  20. ^ Gallagher, Caitlin. "Joan Crawford's Story About Having Sex With Her Stepfather On 'Feud' Raises Serious Concerns". Shovqin. Olingan 21 aprel, 2017.
  21. ^ Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (April 6, 2013). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  978-0-8131-4411-5.
  22. ^ a b Mark Knowles (2009). The Wicked Waltz and Other Scandalous Dances: Outrage at Couple Dancing in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. McFarland. p. 233. ISBN  978-0-7864-5360-3.
  23. ^ a b Lawrence J. Quirk; William Schoell (2013). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. p. 3. ISBN  978-0-8131-4411-5.
  24. ^ Thomas, pp. 23–24
  25. ^ Lawrence O. Christensen; William E. Foley; Gary Kremer (1999). Missuri biografiyasining lug'ati. Missuri universiteti matbuoti. p. 216. ISBN  978-0-8262-6016-1.
  26. ^ "The Second Rise of Joan Crawford". Hayot. June 23, 1947. p. 45. ISSN  0024-3019. Olingan 23 mart, 2020.
  27. ^ a b Denby, David, "Escape Artist, The Case for Joan Crawford", Nyu-Yorker, January 3, 2011.
  28. ^ Considine, p. 12
  29. ^ Granlund, p. 147
  30. ^ Granlund, p. 135
  31. ^ Spoto, Donald (February 3, 2011). Possessed: The Life of Joan Crawford. Tasodifiy uy. p. 22. ISBN  978-1-4070-8811-2.
  32. ^ Crawford, quoted in Newquist, p. 31
  33. ^ Maas, quoted in LaSalle, p. 123
  34. ^ Tompson, p. 47
  35. ^ Paul Donnelley (2003). Fade to Black: Kino obzorlari haqida kitob. Omnibus. p. 632. ISBN  978-0-7119-9512-3.
  36. ^ Oltin, Momo Havo (2013). John Gilbert: the last of the silent film stars. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN  9780813141640. OCLC  831665560.
  37. ^ Soares, André (2010). Beyond paradise: the life of Ramon Novarro (Qog'ozli nashr). Jekson: Missisipi universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  9781604734584. OCLC  758384859.
  38. ^ Crawford, quoted in LaSalle, p. 120
  39. ^ Crawford, quoted in Skal, p. 73
  40. ^ Jennifer M. Bean; Diane Negra (November 21, 2002). A Feminist Reader in Early Cinema. Dyuk universiteti matbuoti. 235-236 betlar. ISBN  0-8223-2999-9.
  41. ^ Fitzgerald, quoted in Thomas, p. vii
  42. ^ Basinger, Jeanine, The Star Machine, Knopf Books, 2007, p. 37
  43. ^ "Joan Crawford Weds in the East". Jefferson City MO Daily Capital News. June 4, 1929.
  44. ^ "Joan Crawford papers". archives.nypl.org. Olingan 12 avgust, 2019.
  45. ^ Tomas, p. 63
  46. ^ Crawford, quoted in Thomas, p. 65
  47. ^ Háy, Peter (1991), MGM: When the Lion Roars, Atlanta: Turner Publishing, Inc., p. 72, ISBN  1-878685-04-X
  48. ^ "SALESGIRLS IN NEW TALKIE.; "Our Blushing Brides" at Capitol Features Joan Crawford". The New York Times. August 2, 1930. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 31 oktyabr, 2019.
  49. ^ Leese, p. 18
  50. ^ "Leading Men of Hollywood: Clark Gable | The Saturday Evening Post". www.saturdayeveningpost.com. Olingan 16 dekabr, 2018.
  51. ^ Quirk, Lawrence J.; Schoell, William (2013). Joan Crawford, The Essential Biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. p. 54. ISBN  978-0-8131-4411-5.
  52. ^ Dickstein, Martin (September 8, 1931). "'This (So Called) Modern Age' at the Capitol, "The Screen"". Brooklyn (New York) Daily Eagle. p. 22, columns 1–2.
  53. ^ Bret, pp. 63–68
  54. ^ "The New York Times: eng yaxshi rasmlar". archive.nytimes.com. Olingan 21 aprel, 2020.
  55. ^ Sedgwick, John (2000). Popular Filmgoing in 1930s Britain: A Choice of Pleasures. Exeter Press universiteti. ISBN  978-0-85989-660-3.
  56. ^ Pavlak, Debra Ann (2012 yil 12-yanvar). Bringing Up Oscar. Simon va Shuster. ISBN  978-1-60598-216-8.
  57. ^ Mary Ellen Snodgrass (March 17, 2015). World Clothing and Fashion: An Encyclopedia of History, Culture, and Social Influence. Yo'nalish. 387-388 betlar. ISBN  978-1-317-45167-9.
  58. ^ Marmorstein, Gary (July 16, 2013). A Ship Without A Sail: The Life of Lorenz Hart. Nyu-York: Simon va Shuster. p. 218. ISBN  978-1-4165-9426-0.
  59. ^ "Milestones May 8, 1933". Vaqt. May 8, 1933. Archived from asl nusxasi 2010 yil 22-noyabrda. Olingan 10 fevral, 2009.
  60. ^ "Joan Crawford Film Grosses 1925 – 1970". Box Office Madness. 2017 yil 29 iyun. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
  61. ^ Considine, pp. 91–92
  62. ^ Tomas, p. 94
  63. ^ Tomas, p. 114
  64. ^ Considine, pp. 97–98
  65. ^ Tomas, p. 241
  66. ^ Tomas, p. 113
  67. ^ Tomas, p. 115
  68. ^ T.S. (May 16, 1941). "At the Capitol". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 14 dekabr, 2018.
  69. ^ "Joan Crawford Weds Actor Phillip Terry". Lubbock (TX) Morning Avalanche. YUQARILADI. July 22, 1942. p. 11.
  70. ^ Curtiz, quoted in Thomas, p. 146
  71. ^ Jorgensen, Jay; Scoggins, Donald L. (October 6, 2015). Creating the Illusion: A Fashionable History of Hollywood Costume Designers. Matbuotni ishga tushirish. ISBN  9780762458073.
  72. ^ Miller, Julie (September 26, 2012). "The Academy Award That Joan Crawford Accepted in Bed Sells; Can You Guess for How Much?". Vanity Fair. Olingan 23 dekabr, 2014.
  73. ^ Raymond, Barbara Bisantz (April 29, 2009). Bola o'g'ri: asrab olishni buzgan chaqaloq sotuvchisi Jorjiya Tannning aytilmagan hikoyasi. Hachette kitoblari. ISBN  978-0-7867-3374-3.
  74. ^ Austin, Linda T. (1990). "Babies for Sale: Tennessee Children's Adoption Scandal". Tennesi tarixiy kvartalida. 49 (2): 91–102. ISSN  0040-3261. JSTOR  42626860.
  75. ^ Bret, David (2009). Joan Crawford: Hollywood Martyr. Cambridge, MA: Da Capo Press. ISBN  9780786732364. OCLC  818854961.
  76. ^ Terrace, Vincent (October 9, 2018). 1945–2018 yillar - Uysiz televizion uchuvchilar ensiklopediyasi. Jefferson, NC. ISBN  9781476633497. OCLC  1056952162.
  77. ^ "Joan Crawford Is Wed in Las Vegas to Businessman". Moberly (MO) Monitor-Index and Democrat. Associated Press. May 10, 1955. p. 8.
  78. ^ Tomas, p. 190
  79. ^ "Joan Crawford Dies at Home; Joan Crawford, Screen Star, Dies in Manhattan Home". The New York Times. May 11, 1977. Olingan 21 avgust, 2007.
  80. ^ Considine, p. 286
  81. ^ Hay, p. 22.
  82. ^ "I'm Broke, Says Joan Crawford". Jefferson City (MO) Post-Tribune. Associated Press. June 1, 1959. p. 1.
  83. ^ a b Considine, Shaun (2010). Bette and Joan: the divine feud (Authors Guild backinprint.com ed.). Lincoln, NE: iUniverse.com, Inc. ISBN  978-1450243278. OCLC  650442615.
  84. ^ Considine, ibid.
  85. ^ Tomas, p. 225
  86. ^ Considine, p. 363
  87. ^ Eu Cinemando (April 23, 2017). "The References: "Feud" Episode 7 + "Hush... Hush... Sweet Charlotte" (Viewers Request)" - YouTube orqali.
  88. ^ Tomas, p. 231
  89. ^ Windeler, Robert (October 23, 1968). "Joan Crawford Takes Daughter's Soap Opera Role". The New York Times. Olingan 29 yanvar, 2017.
  90. ^ "Joan Crawford on The Sixth Sense". YouTube. Olingan 6 oktyabr, 2012.
  91. ^ Shaun Considine (January 25, 2017). Bette & Joan: The Divine Feud. Graymalkin Media. p. 347. ISBN  978-1-63168-107-3.
  92. ^ Kovi, Piter. Joan Crawford: The Enduring Star (Rizzoli Universe Promotional Books, March 8, 2011), pp. 204–205
  93. ^ Considine, p. 396
  94. ^ Johnnes, Carl. Joan Crawford: The Last Years. Dell Publishing. ISBN  0-440-11536-1.
  95. ^ Varney, Carleton (1980). There's No Place Like Home: Confessions of an Interior Designer by Carleton Varney (Qattiq qopqoqli tahrir). Bobbs-Merril. ISBN  978-0672518720.
  96. ^ Tomas, p. 270
  97. ^ Flint, Peter B. (May 11, 1977). "Joan Crawford Dies at Home". The New York Times. ISSN  0362-4331. Olingan 30-noyabr, 2019.
  98. ^ "Joan Crawford's Last Will and Testament".
  99. ^ a b Robert., Parish, James (2002). The Hollywood book of death : the bizarre, often sordid, passings of more than 125 American movie and TV idols. Chikago: zamonaviy kitoblar. ISBN  0809222272. OCLC  46617003.
  100. ^ "Daughter Dearest", March 2008, Vanity Fair, p. 2018-04-02 121 2
  101. ^ a b Quirk, Lawrence J.; William Schoell (2002). Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. p.235. ISBN  0-8131-2254-6.
  102. ^ Uilson, Skott. Dam olish joylari: 14000 dan ortiq taniqli odamlarning dafn etilgan joylari, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 10300-10301). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  103. ^ "HAYOT". Hayot. March 1, 1937. p.49. ISSN  0024-3019. Olingan 23 mart, 2020.
  104. ^ "Hollywood Walk of Fame – Joan Crawford". walkoffame.com. Gollivud Savdo palatasi. Olingan 17 aprel, 2017.
  105. ^ "Playboy Ranks 100 Sexiest Stars of the Century in January Issue" (Matbuot xabari). Playboy Enterprises. Arxivlandi asl nusxasi 2012 yil 13 yanvarda. Olingan 11 mart, 2012.
  106. ^ Susan Ware (2004). Taniqli amerikalik ayollar: Yigirmanchi asrni yakunlovchi biografik lug'at. Garvard universiteti matbuoti. p. 142. ISBN  978-0-674-01488-6.
  107. ^ Considine, p. 412
  108. ^ Hayes, Helen; Hatch, Katherine (1990). Mening uchta aktdagi hayotim. Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich. ISBN  0-15-163695-8.
  109. ^ Struz, Jan (1978). "Mommie Monster" Newsweek: Volume 92, Issues 10–18, p. 134.
  110. ^ Allyson, June; Leighton, Frances Spatz (1983). Iyun Ellison. Nyu-York: Berkli. pp.77–84. ISBN  0-425-06251-1.
  111. ^ Sherman, Vincent (1996). Studio Affairs: My Life As a Film Director. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. pp. 209–213. ISBN  0813119758.
  112. ^ Roger Ebert (January 1, 1981). "Mommie Dearest", Chikago Sun-Times; accessed March 12, 2017.
  113. ^ ROLLING STONES EXILE ON MAIN STREET 1972 COC UK 1st Press 2LP
  114. ^ Rorke, Robert (February 26, 2017). "Why Bette Davis and Joan Crawford's Feud Lasted a Lifetime". The New York Post. Olingan 26 fevral, 2017.
  115. ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (May 5, 2016). "Adovat: Ryan Murphy Lands Third FX Anthology With Susan Sarandon, Jessica Lange". Turli xillik. Olingan 5 may, 2016.
  116. ^ Birnbaum, Debra (January 12, 2017). "FX Sets Premiere Dates for Adovat, Amerikaliklar, Archer". Turli xillik. Olingan 12 yanvar, 2017.
  117. ^ "Olivia de Havilland, Now 102, Will Take 'Feud' to Supreme Court". Hollywood Reporter. Olingan 12-noyabr, 2018.
  118. ^ "Supreme Court won't hear Olivia de Havilland case that 'Feud' depicted her as gossipmonger". USA Today. Olingan 19 fevral, 2019.

Bibliografiya

Manbalar

  • Considine, Shaun (1989). Bette and Joan: The Divine Feud. New York, E. P. Dutton, a division of Penguin Books. ISBN  0-525-24770-X.
  • Bret, Devid (2006). Joan Crawford: Hollywood Martyr. Robson. ISBN  1-86105-931-0.
  • Granlund, Nils T. (1957). Blondes, Brunettes, and Bullets. New York, David McKay Company.
  • Hoefling, Larry J. (2008). Nils Thor Granlund: The Swedish Showman Who Invented American Entertainment. Inlandia Press. ISBN  0-9822313-0-X.
  • LaSalle, Mick (2000). Complicated Women: Sex and Power in Pre-Code Hollywood. New York, Thomas Dunne Books, an imprint of St. Martin's Press. ISBN  0-312-25207-2.
  • Dunaway, Faye (1998). Looking For Gatsby. Cho'ntak. ISBN  0-671-67526-5.
  • Leese, Elizabeth (1991). Costume Design in the Movies. Dover Books. ISBN  0-486-26548-X.
  • Newquist, Roy, with introduction by John Springer (1980). Joan Krouford bilan suhbatlar. New Jersey, Citadel Press, a division of Lyle Stuart, Inc. ISBN  0-8065-0720-9.
  • Quirk, Lawrence J. and William Schoell. (2002). Joan Crawford: the essential biography. Kentukki universiteti matbuoti. ISBN  0813122546.
  • Skal, David J. (1993). The Monster Show: A Cultural History of Horror. Pingvin kitoblari. ISBN  0-14-024002-0.
  • Thomas, Bob (1978). Joan Crawford: A Biography. New York, Bantam Books. ISBN  0-553-12942-2.

Qo'shimcha o'qish

  • Carr, Larry (1970). Four Fabulous Faces: The Evolution and Metamorphosis of Swanson, Garbo, Crawford and Dietrich. Nyu-York: ikki kunlik. ISBN  0-87000-108-6.
  • Nowak, Donna Marie (2010). Just Joan: A Joan Crawford Appreciation. Albany: BearManor Media. ISBN  978-1-59393-542-9.

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