Garri Potterdagi sehr - Magic in Harry Potter

Yilda J. K. Rouling "s Garri Potter seriya, sehr odatiylikni bekor qilish uchun ishlatilishi mumkin bo'lgan g'ayritabiiy kuch sifatida tasvirlangan tabiat qonunlari. Ko'pchilik xayoliy sehrli mavjudotlar seriyalarda mavjud bo'lib, oddiy jonzotlar ham ba'zida sehrli xususiyatlarini namoyish etadilar. Sehrli narsalar ham tasvirlangan. Sehr-jodu qila oladigan odamlarning kam sonli qismi (jodugarlar va sehrgarlar) sehr-jodu borligidan befarq qolgan aholini "Magllar "Buyuk Britaniyada va" No-Maj "AQShda.

Odamlarda sehr yoki uning etishmasligi tug'ma xususiyatdir. U meros qilib olinadi, "dominant elastik genlar" bilan olib boriladi.^[1] Sehr - bu sehrli juftlik farzandlari uchun odatiy holdir va magllarda kamroq uchraydi. Istisno holatlar mavjud: sehrli ota-onadan tug'ilgan sehr qila olmaydiganlar tanilgan Squibs Muggle ota-onasidan tug'ilgan jodugar yoki sehrgar a Muggle tug'ilgan, yoki tomonidan kamsituvchi atama "Moy qoni". Muggle tug'ilganlar juda keng tarqalgan bo'lsa-da, Squibs juda kam uchraydi.

Rowling asosidagi ko'plab sehrli elementlar Garri Potter haqiqiy dunyo mifologiyasi va sehrida koinot. U buni "dunyoga tekstura berish usuli" deb ta'riflagan.^[2] Kitoblarda ushbu hikoyalarning magllar talqini sehrgarlar dunyosida sodir bo'layotgan voqealarning buzilgan versiyasi degan fikr mavjud.

Ning sehri Garri Potter 2017 yil mavzusiga aylandi Britaniya kutubxonasi ko'rgazma va unga hamroh bo'lgan hujjatli film. Nomli ko'rgazma Garri Potter: Sehrning tarixi, Britaniya kutubxonasida birinchi bo'lib tirik muallifning bitta seriyasidan ilhomlangan.^[3]

Sehrgarlikdan foydalanish

Jodugarlar va sehrgarlar o'zlarining sehrlarini qanday boshqarishni o'rganish uchun mashq qilishadi. Yosh va o'qimagan bolalar bilan sehr kuchli ongsiz ravishda kuchli qo'rquv, qo'rquv, g'azab va qayg'u paytlarida namoyon bo'ladi.^[4] Masalan, Garri Potter bir marta yomon sochlardan keyin sochlarini o'stirgan, amakivachchasiga boa konstriktorini o'rnatgan Dadli London hayvonot bog'ida va qildi Marge xola juda katta hajmda shishiradi. Ushbu reaktsiya odatda boshqarib bo'lmaydigan bo'lsa ham, o'qimagan bola kabi, Lord Voldemort narsalarni tegizmasdan harakatga keltira oldi, hayvonlar ularni o'rgatmasdan xohlagan narsani bajarishi, uni bezovta qilgan odamlarga "yomon narsalar" qilishi yoki agar xohlasa ularni ranjitishi mumkin edi.^[5] Bunga qo'chimcha, Lily Potter xohlagan holda gulning ochilishini boshqarib, boshqarishni uddaladi.

Deyarli barcha sehrlar a yordamida amalga oshiriladi tayoq. Rouling asossiz sehr haqida:^[6]

Siz tayoqsiz (masalan, Garri Marj xolani portlatib yuborganida) noaniq va nazoratsiz sehr qila olasiz, lekin juda yaxshi sehrlar qilish uchun, ha, sizga tayoq kerak.

Sehrgar yoki jodugar faqat o'z tayoqchasidan foydalanganda yaxshi bo'ladi. Birovning tayoqchasidan foydalanganda, odamning sehrlari odatdagidek kuchli emas.^[HP1]

Kitoblar ichida sehrning texnik tafsilotlari qorong'u. Garrining darslaridan faqat sehrli hayvonlar ishtirok etadigan narsalar sehrli mavjudotlar, iksirlar yoki bashorat har qanday tafsilotda berilgan.

Severus Sneyp bir marta aytgan Garri Potter Garrining "Occlumency" birinchi darsida "Vaqt va makon sehrda" Garri Potter va Feniks ordeni va Albus Dambldor - dedi Garriga, sehrli tarzda yashiringan qayiqni shkafga etib borish uchun topgandan keyin Horcrux bu "Sehr har doim izlarni, ba'zida juda o'ziga xos izlarni qoldiradi".^[HP6]

Spellcasting

Sehrlar sehrgar yoki jodugarning har qanday maqsadga qaratilgan vositasi; qulflarni ochish yoki olov yaratish kabi yagona ixtisoslashtirilgan vazifalarni bajarish uchun ishlatiladigan qisqa sehrli portlashlar. Odatda kasting an afsona, ko'pincha o'zgartirilgan shaklda Lotin (qarang Lotin iti ) va a bilan imo-ishora qilish tayoq. Biroq, Rouling, ayniqsa, iste'dodli sehrgarlar tayoqchasiz sehrlashlari mumkinligini aniqladilar, ammo sehrgarlik umuman aniqroq va kuchliroqdir.^[7] Sehrlarni og'zaki bo'lmagan, ammo sehrli tayoq bilan ham qilish mumkin. Ushbu maxsus texnika Xogvartsda o'qishning oltinchi yilida o'qitiladi va kasterdan afsonaga e'tibor berishni talab qiladi. Ba'zi sehrlar (masalan, Levikorpus) aftidan og'zaki ravishda ishlatilishi uchun mo'ljallangan. Kitoblarda ko'rsatilgan sehrlarning aksariyati quyuvchidan ularning ovozidan foydalanishni talab qilsa-da, ba'zilari buni qilmaydi (va bu jodugarga yoki sehrgarga bog'liq bo'lishi mumkin). Dambldor sehrgarlarning ta'sirchan fe'l-atvorini gapirmasdan amalga oshirishi ma'lum bo'lgan, masalan sehrlash butun talabalar aholisini kutib olish uchun etarlicha qovoqli binafsha rangli uyqu sumkalari^[HP3] yoki oxirigacha Voldemort bilan duel paytida Feniks buyrug'i.

Tayoqchani ushlab turmasdan ishlatish mumkin. Yilda Feniks buyrug'i, Garrining o'zi ijro etadi Lumos uning tayoqchasi yonida bir joyda yerda yotganda uni yoqish uchun.^[HP5] Qo'shimcha ravishda, Animagi va Metamorfmagi ularning o'zgarishiga o'tish uchun tayoqchalar kerak emas.

Sehrlar qo'pol toifalarga bo'linadi, masalan "taqinchoqlar ", "la'natlar "," hexes "yoki"jinxlar "Garchi tajovuzkor va potentsial xavfli la'natlar soni ko'p bo'lsa ham, uchtasi faqat katta yovuzlik uchun ishlatilishi mumkin, bu ularga maxsus tasnifni beradi".Kechirilmas la'natlar ".

Sehrning chegaralari

Birinchisini nashr etishdan oldin Garri Potter romani, Rouling sehrgarlikning cheklanishlarini belgilash uchun besh yil sarfladi - u nima qila olishi va nima qila olmasligini aniqlash uchun "Xayolot dunyosini yaratishda eng muhim narsa, - dedi u 2000 yilda, - bu belgilar qila olmaydi Masalan. "Masalan, narsalarni havodan sehrlash mumkin bo'lsa-da, umumiy emas, balki aniq spetsifikatsiyaga mos keladigan narsa yaratish ancha hiyla-nayrangdir; bundan tashqari, shunday tasavvurga ega bo'lgan har qanday ob'ekt uzoq umr ko'rmaydi.^[8]

O'lim

Rouling kitoblarda o'limni eng muhim mavzu deb ta'riflagan.^[9] Binobarin, Dambldor ta'kidlaganidek Garri Potter va olov qadahi, o'liklarni haqiqatan ham hayotga qaytaradigan hech qanday sehr yo'q. Jasadlarni itoatkorga aylantirish mumkin bo'lsa Inferi tirik sehrgarning buyrug'i bilan ular bundan ozroq zombi o'zlarining ruhi yoki irodasi bilan. Biroq, o'lik bilan muloqot qilishning ba'zi usullari mavjud, ammo natijalari cheklangan. Masalan, Xogvartsning barcha ustalari a portret ular vafot etganda, kelajak avlodlar maslahatiga imkon beradi. Bu kamdan-kam hollarda ham mumkin Priori Incantatem sehrli ravishda o'ldirilgan odamlarning sharpa kabi "soyalari" bilan suhbatlashish uchun effekt. The Qiyomat toshi shuningdek, o'lik bilan gaplashishga imkon beradi, ammo Tosh tomonidan qaytarib olib kelinganlar jismonan emas va ular tinch dam olishlaridan bezovta bo'lishni xohlamaydilar. Barcha ketma-ketliklar davomida ushbu chegara doimiy ravishda esga olinadi va sehrgarlar o'z xavf-xatarlari bilan uni engib o'tishga harakat qilishadi.

Xuddi shunday, inson hayotni qo'llab-quvvatlash uchun katta kuch ob'ektidan foydalanmasa, o'zini o'lmas qilib bo'lmaydi. Faylasuf toshi yoki Horcruxes. Agar bittasi uchta narsaga ega bo'lsa O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, ular "o'lim ustasi" bo'lish uchun vositalarga ega bo'lishlari ajoyib. Biroq, haqiqiy "o'lim ustasi" bo'lish, o'lim muqarrarligini qabul qilishga tayyor bo'lish deganidir. Hayotni uzaytirishning boshqa usullari qatoriga bitta mo'ylovli qonni ichish kiradi, bu o'limga yaqin bo'lsa ham, lekin abadiy la'natlanishning dahshatli bahosida odamni tirik qiladi. Sehrli bo'lish odamga hissa qo'shishi mumkin uzoq umr, chunki seriyada g'ayrioddiy uzoq umr ko'radigan bir nechta belgilar mavjud (masalan Griselda Marchbanks, kim edi nazoratchi Albus Dambldorning O.W.L imtihonlari paytida). Bu tomonidan ochilgan Deyarli boshsiz Nik beshinchi kitobda barcha jodugarlar va sehrgarlar bo'lish huquqiga ega arvohlar o'lganda; ammo, u "hayotning xira taqlid" deb ta'riflanadi. Sneypning ta'kidlashicha, arvoh shunchaki "er yuzida qolgan ruhning izi".

O'lim o'rganiladi Sirlar bo'limi Rouling "hayot va o'lim o'rtasidagi bo'linish" deb ta'riflagan sirli pardani o'z ichiga olgan xonada. Boshqa tomondan nima borligi haqida u quyidagicha gapirdi: "Men siz davom etayotganingizga ishonamanmi? Ha, men siz davom etayotganingizga ishonaman. Men narigi dunyoga ishonaman, garchi men mutlaqo shubha ostiga qo'yilgan bo'lsam ham, doim ham shunday bo'lganman, lekin mana qayerda ekansan."^[10] Sirius bu pardadan tushadi Feniks buyrug'i u Bellatrixdan la'nat bilan urilganidan keyin.

Gampning "Elementar o'zgarish" qonuni bo'yicha asosiy istisnolari

The Gampning "Elementar o'zgarish" qonuni bo'yicha asosiy istisnolari bu Germiona aytib o'tgan va keyinchalik Ron tomonidan yakuniy kitobda takrorlangan sehrli nazariya. U oziq-ovqat bulardan biri ekanligini tushuntiradi: sehrgarlar yoki sehrgarlar sehr yordamida ovqat pishirishi va tayyorlashi, hatto uni ko'paytirishi mumkin, ammo uni yo'qdan yaratmaydi. Oziq-ovqat seriyasida ko'plab misollar mavjud paydo bo'lish masalan, Molli Uizli oshxonasidagi qozonlarda ingredientlarning to'satdan paydo bo'lishi va professor Makgonagal Garri va Ron uchun o'z-o'zidan to'ldiriladigan sendvich plastinka yaratganda, yo'qdan o'ylab topilgan. Sirlar palatasi. Har qanday holatda ham, ushbu hodisalarni oziq-ovqat ko'paytirilishi yoki boshqa joydan olib o'tilishi sifatida oqilona tushuntirish mumkin. Ikkinchidan, Xogvartsda ziyofat - bu oshxonadagi elflar tomonidan tayyorlangan taom va Buyuk Zaldagi uy stollarining to'g'ridan-to'g'ri pastki qismida to'rt nusxadagi stolga yotqizilgan. Keyin ovqat sehrli tarzda stollarga tashiladi.

Bu ketma-ketlikda aniq aytib o'tilgan yagona istisno. Biroq, Roulingning o'zi bir marta intervyusida buni ta'kidlagan pul sehrgarlar shunchaki havodan amalga osha olmaydigan narsa,^[8] yoki sehrgarlar dunyosining iqtisodiy tizimi juda noto'g'ri va buzilgan bo'lar edi. Da Faylasuf toshi ruxsat beradi alkimyo, bu juda noyob, hatto noyob narsa sifatida tasvirlangan, uning egasi o'z vakolatlarini ishlatmaydi.

Hissiyot

Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, o'qimagan yosh sehrgarlar yuqori hissiyotlar holatida bo'lganida nazoratsiz sehrni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Ammo hissiyotlar tarbiyalangan jodugarlar va sehrgarlarga va ularning sehrli qobiliyatlariga ham ta'sir qiladi. Masalan, ichida Yarim qonli shahzoda, yuragi ezilgan Nymphadora Tonks sifatida o'z kuchini vaqtincha yo'qotadi Metamorfmagus qachon Remus Lyupin o'zini undan uzoqlashtira boshlaydi. Uning shakli Patronus uning depressiyasini aks ettiruvchi o'zgarishlar. Yana bir misol Merope Gaunt, u faqat sehrli qobiliyatini otasining zulmidan xalos bo'lganida namoyon etgan, ammo keyin eri uni tashlab ketgach, uni yana yo'qotgan.

Bir nechta sehrli sehrlar ularni tashlashda ma'lum tuyg'ulardan foydalanishni talab qiladi. Masalan, Patronus jozibasi, quvg'inchilarni baxtli xotiraga jamlashni talab qiladi. (Yengillashtiruvchi sharoitlarda iroda kuchi katta yordam beradi. Garri, Siriusga Dementor o'pish xavfi tug'ilganda, tanasi Patronusni hayajonga solishi mumkin.)^[HP3] Yana bir misol Cruciatus la'nati, bu juda katta og'riqlarni keltirib chiqaradi; Garri duel paytida topganidek Bellatrix Lestrange, ushbu taqiqlangan qorong'u sehrdan samarali foydalanish sadistik istaklarni talab qiladi.^[HP5]

Sevgi (eng keng ma'noda) sehrning ayniqsa kuchli shakli sifatida tasvirlangan. Dambldorning so'zlariga ko'ra, sevgi "bu bir vaqtning o'zida o'limdan ham ajoyib va ​​dahshatli kuch, inson aqlidan ko'ra, tabiat kuchlaridan".^[HP5] Garri nomidan Lilyning ixtiyoriy qurbonligi uni Voldemortdan go'dak paytida qutqaradi va Garri do'stlarini qutqarish uchun xuddi shunday qurbonlik qiladi O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar.^[HP7] Seriyadagi ma'lum bir asosiy bashorat Garrini uning sevgi qobiliyatiga ishora qilib, "qorong'u lord bilmaydigan kuchga ega" deb ta'riflaydi.^[HP5]

Haqiqiy sevgini sehrli tarzda yaratish imkonsiz; Amortentiya, sevgi iksiri, faqat kuchli sevgi va obsesyon hissi yaratishi mumkin.

Sehrli qobiliyat

Quyida Garri Potter olamidagi sehrgar yoki jodugarga ega bo'lishi mumkin bo'lgan maxsus qobiliyatlar ro'yxati keltirilgan.

Animagi

Animagus (portmanteau hayvonlar va sehrli ) - bu o'z xohishiga ko'ra ma'lum bir hayvon yoki sehrli jonzotga aylanishi mumkin bo'lgan jodugar yoki sehrgar. Bu qobiliyat tug'ma emas: uni sehrli usullar bilan olish kerak. Barcha Animagi qonun bo'yicha markaziy idorada ro'yxatdan o'tishi kerak, ammo qator belgilar noqonuniy ravishda ro'yxatdan o'tmagan bo'lib qolganligi aniqlangan: Jeyms Potter, Sirius Blek, Peter Pettigrew va Rita Skeeter.

Animagi konvertatsiyasi beparvolik bilan amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Sirius va Piter 10 yildan ortiq vaqt davomida beparvo qolishmoqda, ammo ikkalasi ham qobiliyatini saqlab qolishdi. Animagi konvertatsiya qilganda ular oddiy hayvon ko'rinishini oladi. Biroq, ichida Garri Potter va Azkaban asiri Ronning uy hayvonlari sichqonchasi Skabbers (keyinchalik Piter Pettigruning Animagus shakli sifatida tanilgan) o'n uch yil yashagan, faqat uch yashashi kutilgan. Shuningdek, hayvon shaklida bo'lgan Animagus odam kabi fikrlash qobiliyatini saqlab qoladi, bu animagus bo'lish va hayvonga aylanib qolish o'rtasidagi asosiy farqdir. Aks holda, ular sehrgar ekanliklarini unutib, o'zlari bilmagan holda, boshqa sehrgar tomonidan qaytarilmasa, shu shaklda ushlanib qolishadi. Animagusning inson shaklining xususiyatlari hayvonlarni o'zgartirishda o'zini namoyon qilishi mumkin; masalan, McGonagallning ko'zlari atrofidagi mushuk ko'zoynagiga o'xshash belgilar. Animagus ro'yxatdan o'tayotganda, ular hayvonot shaklining barcha aniqlovchi jismoniy xususiyatlarini qayd etishlari kerak, shunda vazirlik ularni aniqlay oladi.

Har bir Animagus o'ziga xos hayvon shakliga ega va boshqa hayvonga aylana olmaydi. Hayvonni tanlab bo'lmaydi: u ushbu shaxsning o'ziga xos xususiyatiga mos keladi va aksariyat hollarda Animagus odamda ishlatiladigan hayvonga aylanadi. Patronus jozibasi.^[11]

Kitoblarda Animagi va ning farqlari to'g'risida aniq ta'kidlangan bo'rilar. Animagi ularning o'zgarishini to'liq nazorat qiladi va o'z fikrlarini saqlaydi, holbuki, bo'rilarning o'zgarishi beixtiyor bo'lib, shaxsiyatidagi jiddiy o'zgarishlarni o'z ichiga oladi. Shaxs bo'ri-bo'riga aylanganidan keyin "... u endi kimligini eslamaydi. U eng yaqin do'stini o'ldiradi. Kurt-odam faqat o'ziga xos chaqiriqqa javob beradi."^[12] O'zgarish paytida bo'ri o'z aql-idrokini, aql-idrokini va xotirasini saqlab qolishning yagona usuli - bu Wolfsbane iksiridan foydalanish.

Metamorfmagi

A Metamorfmagus (a portmanteau ning metamorf va sehrli ) - bu o'zlarining tashqi ko'rinishini xohlagancha yoki barchasini o'zgartirish uchun tug'ma qobiliyat bilan tug'ilgan jodugar yoki sehrgar. Iste'dodni egallab bo'lmaydi; unga ega bo'lgan jodugar yoki sehrgar u bilan tug'ilishi kerak.

Nymphadora Tonks va uning o'g'li, Teddi Lyupin hozirda ketma-ket ma'lum bo'lgan yagona Metamorfmagi; bu juda kam uchraydigan qobiliyat, ehtimol irsiy. Tonks sochlarning rangi va uslubini kayfiyatiga qarab o'zgartirishi ma'lum. U hatto ba'zida keksa ayol kabi ko'rinadi. U, shuningdek, Uinli va Germionaning ko'nglini olish uchun Uizli oilasi bilan ovqatlanayotganda ham burun ko'rinishini o'zgartirishi mumkin. Uning o'g'li Teddi Lyupin ham bu xususiyatni meros qilib oldi, chunki sochlari bir necha bor o'zgarib turishi haqida so'z yuritiladi.

Ushbu tashqi ko'rinishni o'zgartiradigan qobiliyatlarning darajasi va ularning chegaralari to'liq aniq emas. Roulingning so'zlariga ko'ra, Metamorfmagus o'zining tashqi ko'rinishini butunlay o'zgartirishi mumkin, masalan, qora rangdan oq rangga, yoshdan qarigacha, chiroyli va tekisgacha.^[13] Bir misolda, Tonks o'zining yuzini tashqi ko'rinishini o'zgartirib, burni "Snegg singari tumshug'iga o'xshash o'simtaga" aylantirib, "tugma qo'ziqoriniga o'xshash narsaga" va "cho'chqa tumshug'iga o'xshab" Garriga amakivachchasi Dudlini eslatdi.^[14] Metamorfmagusning emotsional holati ularning qobiliyatlariga ta'sir qilishi mumkin.

Parseltongue

Parseltongue bu ilonlarning tili. Bu ko'pincha Dark Magic bilan bog'liq, garchi Dambldor bu yomon xususiyat emasligini aytgan. Gapirish qobiliyatiga ega bo'lganlar ("Parselmutlar") juda kam uchraydi. Ko'rinib turibdiki, odamlar mahoratga o'rganish yoki usul yordamida erishadilar ksenoglossiya masalan, genetik meros orqali (yoki Dark yoki xavfli Sehr yordamida). Garri 17 yoshigacha Parselmut edi. Garri Potter va sirlar xonasi buni Voldemort Garrini o'ldirmoqchi bo'lgan oqshom uning ba'zi qobiliyatlarini bergani sababli tushuntiradi. O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar Garri ichidagi Voldemort ruhining bir qismi unga ushbu qobiliyatni beradi, keyinchalik yo'q qilinadi va Garri qobiliyatidan mahrum bo'ladi.^[15]

Garri vaqtincha qobiliyatini tiklaydi La'natlangan bola, chandiqdagi og'riq bilan birga.

Boshqa ma'lum bo'lgan Parselmutlar orasida Salazar Slizerin va uning avlodlari, shu jumladan Gaunts va Voldemort. Dambldor Parseltongue-ni ham tushunishi mumkin; ammo, u buni bilib oldi va tabiiy ravishda qobiliyatga ega emas edi.^[16] Yilda Yarim qonli shahzoda, u Morfin Gauntning Parseltongue-da aytilgan "yo'l bo'ylab katta uy" so'zlarini takrorlaydi.

Ron so'nggi kitobda Parseltongue-ni qayta ochish uchun ishlatadi Sirlar palatasi, lekin u faqat kitobda ilgari ishlatilgan Garri iborasining ovoziga taqlid qilmoqda.

Rouling bu atamani "og'zida muammosi bo'lgan kishi uchun eski so'z, masalan quyon labi ".^[17]

Ko'ruvchilar

A Ko'ruvchi bilan jodugar yoki sehrgar ko'ruvchi kelajakdagi voqealarni bashorat qilish qobiliyati. Ushbu qobiliyat orqali berilgan bashoratlar ba'zan bo'lishi mumkin o'z-o'zini amalga oshiradigan bashoratlar va Dambldor ta'kidlaydi Feniks buyrug'i zikr etilganlar tomonidan qilingan tanlovga qarab ularning barchasi amalga oshmasligi. Bu Ko'ruvchining hech bo'lmaganda ba'zi hollarda yuz berishi mumkin bo'lgan yoki yuz berishi mumkin bo'lgan voqealarni bashorat qilishidan dalolat bergandek tuyuladi.

In Bashoratlar zali da Sirlar bo'limi, minglab minglab shisha sharlar Seers tomonidan qilingan bashoratlar yozuvlari bilan singdirilgan. Faqat bashoratda aytib o'tilgan odam uni xavfsiz ravishda qaytarib olishi mumkin; bunga harakat qilgan boshqa birov aqldan ozadi.

Makgonagalga ko'ra, haqiqiy Seers juda kam uchraydi. Sybill Trelawney bu kitoblarda tasvirlangan yagona Ko'ruvchidir va uning shogirdlari uni "eski firibgarlik" deb bilishadi - garchi Sybillning buyuk buvisi Kassandra Trelavni o'z davrida taniqli ko'ruvchi bo'lgan. Oxir oqibat Trelawney ishdan bo'shatildi Dolores Ambrij qobiliyatining etishmasligi uchun beshinchi kitobda. Ammo u Garri Potter uchun muhim bo'lgan ikki marta to'g'ri bashorat qildi, ammo keyinchalik ikkala bashoratni eslamadi.

Legilimency va oklümensiya

Legilimency hissiyotlar va xotiralarni boshqa odamning ongidan chiqarib olishning sehrli mahorati - bu sehrli shakl "telepatiya "(Garchi Snegg, san'atning qobiliyatli amaliyotchisi," aqlni o'qish "so'zlashuv so'zini keskin haddan tashqari soddalashtirish deb hisoblamasa ham). Shuningdek, bu voqea yoki xotirani boshqa odamga haqiqiy yoki xayoliy bo'lishiga imkon beradi. Jodugar yoki sehrgar ushbu ko'nikmaga ega bo'lish a Legilimens, va, masalan, boshqa odamda yolg'on va aldovni aniqlashi, boshqa odamning o'tmishidagi xotiralarga guvoh bo'lishi yoki boshqalarning ongida yolg'on tasavvurlarni "ekishi" mumkin.

Legilimency-ga qarshi mahorat shu Oklüzyon (va uning foydalanuvchisi, Oklümenler), bu orqali odam o'z his-tuyg'ularini ajratishi yoki legilimenlarning og'zaki so'zlari yoki harakatlariga zid fikrlar yoki xotiralarni topishiga yo'l qo'ymasligi mumkin. Occlumency-ning rivojlangan shakli Occlumens-ning boshiga yolg'on vaqtinchalik xotiralarni o'rnatish, shu bilan birga boshqa barcha haqiqiy xotiralarni to'sib qo'yishdir, shuning uchun agar Legilimens, hatto yuqori malakali kishi ham aqlni o'qishga harakat qilsa, u yolg'on xotiralarni topadi va hamma narsa to'g'ri bo'lganiga ishonish.

Dastlab ko'nikmalar haqida aytib o'tilgan Feniks buyrug'i. Legilimency va Occlumency Hogvartsda odatdagi o'quv dasturiga kirmaydi va aksariyat talabalar ularni o'rganmasdan bitiradilar.

Voldemort, Sneyp va Dambldor, ularning tayoqchalari yordamida bo'lsa ham, Legilimency va Occlumency-da mahoratga ega. Voldemort Snegg tomonidan Legilimentsiyaning ustasi, deyishadi, chunki u deyarli barcha hollarda, kimdir unga yolg'on gapirganligini darhol biladi. Bundan tashqari, ichida O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, Voldemort o'z qurbonlarini so'roq qilish uchun bir necha bor Legilimency-dan foydalanadi. Voldemort butun davrda Occlumency bilan shug'ullanadi Yarim qonli shahzoda Garrining fikrlari va hissiyotlariga kirishini rad etish. Biroq, ichida O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, Voldemort bir necha bor qo'lidan mahrum bo'lib, natijada vaqti-vaqti bilan, ammo Garriga yuboriladigan fikrlar, tasavvurlar va his-tuyg'ular juda kuchli portlashlarga olib keladi.

Kitoblar davomida Sneyp okklyuzionlikda yuqori mahoratga ega,^[18] u Voldemortni necha yillar davomida qanday qilib aldaganligini tushuntirib berdi. Oldin ham Feniks buyrug'i, Garri Snegg aqlni o'qiy oladigan taassurot qoldirdi.

Davomida Feniks buyrug'i Sneypga Dambldor Garriga Occlumency-da dars berishni buyuradi. Ikkala qarama-qarshilik va Garrining Voldemortning fikrlarini bilishni istaganligi sababli, u sust rivojlanmoqda va faqat bir marta Sneypni engib, uning xayoliga kirishga muvaffaq bo'ldi.^[19] Yilda O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, Garri Dobbi vafot etganda, Oklümensiyani o'zlashtirdi - Voldemortga fikrini berkitdi. U o'zining qayg'usi yoki Dambldor aytganidek sevgi - bu Dark Lordni to'sib qo'yishi mumkinligini tushunadi.

Queenie Goldstein, yilda Hayoliy hayvonlar va ularni qaerdan topish mumkin, qobiliyatli tug'ilgan, mohir Legilimens ekanligi aniqlandi, chunki u filmda Yoqub Kovalski va boshqalarning fikrlarini o'qiy oladi, shuningdek ularni uzoqdan o'z fikrlari va hissiyotlari orqali sezadi va eshitadi. Biroq, Sneyp, Voldemort va Dambldordan farqli o'laroq, u Legilimency afsunlarini o'qish uchun tayoqchani talab qilmaydi, chunki aqlni o'qish qobiliyati o'z-o'zidan paydo bo'ladi.

Ko'rinish va buzilish

Tashqi ko'rinish ning sehrli shakli teleportatsiya, bu orqali jodugar yoki sehrgar yo'q bo'lib ketishi mumkin ("Ajratilgan") bitta joydan va yana paydo bo'ladi ("Ko'rish"Ba'zan boshqasida. Ba'zan o'ziga xos yorilish yoki shovqin-suron ovozi bilan birga keladi, ammo Dambldor singari mohir sehrgarlar" shunchalik to'satdan va indamay "paydo bo'lishlari mumkinki, ular" yerdan chiqib ketgan "ko'rinadi. Garrining so'zlariga ko'ra, tuyulishi, shuningdek, qattiq rezina naycha orqali yuborilgandek, juda yoqimsiz siqish hissi bilan birga keladi.^[HP6]

Sehrgarlik vazirligi Apparition litsenziyasini beradi. Jodugar yoki sehrgar 17 yoshdan katta bo'lishi va transport vositasi sifatida Apparate litsenziyasiga ega bo'lishi kerak, xuddi shu tarzda haqiqiy dunyo hukumatlari shaxslardan avtotransport vositasini boshqarish uchun litsenziya. Xogvarts talabalari oltinchi yil davomida vazirlik tomonidan tashkil etiladigan tashqi ko'rinish darslarida qatnashishlari va o'n etti yoshga to'lgandan so'ng imtihon topshirishlari mumkin. Ko'rsatilganidek, litsenziyasiz Apparate qilish imkoniyati mavjud bo'lsa-da, lekin bu odatda amalga oshirilmaydi (agar darslarda bo'lmasa) va noqonuniy hisoblanadi. Yilda O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, Garri litsenziyaga ega emas, ammo uning izi olib tashlanganligi sababli, vazirlik buni amalga oshirganini bilmasa kerak.

Tashqi ko'rinishni o'rganish qiyin, va talabalar xavf tug'diradi parchalanish- kelib chiqishi va borishi o'rtasida jismonan bo'linish - bu vazirlikning yordamiga muhtoj Tasodifiy sehrni qaytarish guruhi to'g'ri bekor qilish, garchi uning mohiyati dittany ba'zi jarohatlarni ham tuzatishi mumkin. Splinching mashg'ulotlar paytida juda tez-tez uchraydi va tana qismlariga qarab noqulay (va ba'zida juda dahshatli) bo'lishi mumkin, ammo agar teskari yo'naltirilsa, oxir-oqibat zararsizdir. Ron Apparate-ga ega bo'lishiga qaramay, u bunga unchalik mahoratli emas va kamida uch marta splinches (bir marta qoshining yarmini, ikkita tirnog'ini va qo'lining bir qismini yo'qotgan). Garri va Germiona ikkalasi taqqoslaganda mahoratni tezda ko'tarishadi. Tushuntirilganidek Yarim qonli shahzoda, "Apparate" yoki "Disapparate" so'zlari uchun hech qanday sehr mavjud emas, lekin kaster u paydo bo'lishi kerak bo'lgan joyga diqqatni jamlashi kerak, sehrga to'liq e'tibor qaratishi kerak, shuningdek uni butun vujudi orqali "his qilishi" kerak.

To'g'ridan-to'g'ri shaxsiy maydonga, masalan, uyga murojaat qilish qo'pol deb hisoblanadi. Dambldor Yarim qonli shahzoda bu "old eshikni tepib yuborish kabi qo'pol" bo'lishi. Shu sababli va xavfsizlik sababli, ko'plab uylarda ularni chaqirilmagan bosqinlardan himoya qiluvchi Anti-Apparition sehrlari mavjud. Uyga sayohat qilishning qabul qilingan usuli - yaqin joyga borish va piyoda so'nggi manzilga borish. Tashqi ko'rinish uzoq masofalarda ishonchsiz hisoblanadi va hatto texnikaning tajribali foydalanuvchilari ba'zan boshqa transport vositalarini afzal ko'rishadi, masalan supurgi tayoqchalari. Rouling ta'kidlaganidek, uzoq masofalarga kelish sehrgarning mahoratiga bog'liq va "Qit'alararo kelishuv deyarli og'ir jarohat yoki o'limga olib keladi".^[20] Darhaqiqat, hatto mohir mohir Lord Voldemort uzoqlarga tashrif buyurganidan keyin Angliyaga qaytib uchib ketishni tanlaydi Nurmengard.

Xavfsizlik sababli, Xogvartsning maydonlari va binolari qadimiy antiqa va parchalanishga qarshi sehr-jodu bilan himoyalangan, bu esa odamlarning maktab atrofida paydo bo'lishiga to'sqinlik qiladi. Shuningdek, Dambldor Vazirlikda qo'lga kiritilgan o'lim yutuvchilarga joylashtiradigan odamlarni Disapparatatsiya qilishga to'sqinlik qiladigan sehr bor. Feniks buyrug'i; opa-singilning sehr-jodui, bu joyga joylashish imkoniyatini beradi, lekin ularni ajratib ko'rsatish imkoniyatini bermaydi, Hogsmeddagi o'lim yutuvchilar tomonidan Caterwauling jozibasi asosida chiqarilgan. Dambldor - bu maktab atrofidan ham tashqi ko'rinishni, ham boshqalarni ajrata oladigan yagona odam, chunki u direktordir.

Jodugar yoki sehrgar foydalanishi mumkin Yon tomondan tashqi ko'rinish Apparition paytida boshqalarni o'zlari bilan olib ketish. Dambldor Garrini shu yo'l bilan bir necha marta muvaffaqiyatli tashiydi Yarim qonli shahzodaVa Garrining mahoratga bo'lgan birinchi darsdan tashqari urinishi - bu dengiz g'oridan qaytib kelganda zaiflashgan Dambldor bilan yonma-yon ko'rinish.

In Feniks buyrug'i film, O'lim yutuvchilar va Buyurtma a'zolari navbati bilan qora va oq tutun bulutlarida paydo bo'lmoqdalar. Filmda ikkala tomon ham o'zlarining tanalari tutundan hosil bo'lgan "yarimparastlik" ga ega bo'lib, ularga uchish imkoniyatini beradi. Ikkala marta Fred va Jorj bir-birlarini ko'rsata boshladilar, ular buni a pop kitoblarda bo'lgani kabi.

Kitoblarda boshqa so'zlar singari "Apparate" va "Disapparate" so'zlari neologizmlar Rouling tomonidan ishlatilgan katta harflar bilan yozilgan "jinx" va "hex" kabi inglizcha so'zlar esa bunday emas. So'zlarning o'zi, ehtimol frantsuz tilidan olingan apparaître va disparaître, "paydo bo'lish" va "yo'qolish" ma'nosini anglatadi. Mumkin bo'lgan yana bir lotin lotin tilidan kelib chiqqan "odam yoki narsaning g'ayritabiiy ko'rinishi; paydo bo'ladigan har qanday narsa, ayniqsa ajoyib yoki hayratlanarli narsa; paydo bo'lish harakati" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi inglizcha "apparition" so'zidan olingan. "apparitio", tashrif buyurishni anglatadi. "Disapparate", ehtimol o'sha so'zdan kelib chiqqan, ammo "dis-" prefiksi bilan inkor yoki bekor qilishni bildiradi.

Boshqa teleportatsiya

Ba'zi sehrli jonzotlar bir zumda sayohat qilishning o'ziga xos shakllariga ega, masalan, uy elfining teleportatsiya qilish qobiliyati yoki feniksning alanga ichida paydo bo'lishi va yo'q bo'lib ketishi. Sehrgarlardan farqli o'laroq, bu jonzotlar Apparition-ga qarshi sehr bilan cheklanmagan. Dobbi, Kreacher va boshqa elf aholisi Xogvarts atrofida birlashishlari mumkin, chunki ular bir necha marotaba namoyish qilmoqdalar, ayniqsa Dobbi Garrini kasalxona qanotida ko'rganida va Garri Dobbi va Kreacherni chaqirib, ularni Drako Malfoyga topshirganida. Foks Dambldor bilan birga Xogvartsdagi direktor idorasidan chetlatilganlar, ikkinchisi vazirlik xodimlari tomonidan hibsga olinishdan qochganda Feniks buyrug'i.

Kabi ba'zi sehrli qurilmalar Floo Network, Portkeys va Yo'qolgan shkaflar shuningdek, sehrli teleportatsiya shakllarini taqdim etadi.

Veela jozibasi

Qobiliyat Veela kabi Veela merosiga tegishli bo'lganlar Fler Delacour, Veela jozibasi erkaklar singari sehrlash uchun ishlatiladi Sirenalar kirish Odisseya. Vaqt o'tishi bilan unga duchor bo'lgan erkaklar unga nisbatan ancha chidamli bo'lishadi, garchi Veela jozibasi to'liq ta'sir qiladi, agar Veela odamni hayratga solsa, Ron ta'kidlaganidek Yarim qonli shahzoda.

Ko'rsatilgandek Olovli qadah, Veela sochlarini sehrli tayoqchalarda yadro sifatida ishlatish mumkin. Mashhur tayoq ustasi janob Ollivanderning so'zlariga ko'ra, bu tayoqchalar biroz "temperamentli".

Sehrli qarshilik

Bu kabi kuchli jonzotlarda uchraydigan hexes va sehrlarga qarshi ma'lum darajada immunitetni anglatadi trollar, ajdaho va gigantlar. Xagrid o'zining ulkan qoni tufayli ajoyib sehr kabi ba'zi sehrlarga chidamli. Ushbu turdagi qarshilik engib bo'lmaydigan emas; masalan, birdaniga sehrli qarshilikka ega bo'lgan jonzotga etarlicha Ajablanarli sehrlar otilsa, jonzot hanuzgacha hushidan ketishi mumkin. Shuningdek, sehrgarlar va jodugarlar o'zlarining irodalari bilan ba'zi sehrlarga qarshi turishlari mumkin, masalan Garri Olovli qadah, qachon Kichik Barty Crouch Alastor Mudi qiyofasida Imperiyning la'nati bilan Garrini boshqarishga urindi va Garri qarshilik ko'rsatdi.

Xogvartsdagi mavzular

Xogvartsda talabalar dastlabki ikki yil davomida asosiy mavzular guruhini o'rganishlari kerak, shundan so'ng ular bir nechta fakultativlar orasidan birini tanlashlari kerak. Oxirgi ikki yil davomida talabalarga Alkimyo kabi ko'proq ixtisoslashtirilgan fanlardan o'qishga ruxsat beriladi.

Transfiguration, Dark san'atlarga qarshi mudofaa, joziba, iksir, astronomiya, sehrgarlik tarixi va gerbologiya birinchi besh yil uchun majburiy mavzular, shuningdek qolgan olti yil davomida ixtiyoriy bo'lib qoladigan birinchi yil uchun uchish darslari. Ikkinchi kurs oxirida talabalar uchinchi kurs boshlanishi uchun kamida ikkita ixtiyoriy fanni o'quv dasturiga qo'shishlari shart. Besh tanlov - Arithmancy, Muggle Studies, Falchilik, qadimgi runlarni o'rganish va sehrli mavjudotlarga g'amxo'rlik. Kabi juda ixtisoslashgan mavzular Alkimyo ba'zan etarli talab mavjud bo'lsa, oxirgi ikki yilda taklif etiladi. Jami o'n ikkitasi bor Professorlar Hogvartsda har biri ushbu mavzulardan biriga ixtisoslashgan.

O'zgarish

O'zgarish mohiyatan ob'ektning xususiyatlarini o'zgartirish san'atidir.^[21] Transfiguratsiya nazariyaga asoslangan mavzu, shu jumladan "Sehrlarni almashtirish" (ba'zi bir ob'ektning faqat bir qismini o'zgartirish, masalan, Xagrid Dadliga cho'chqa quyrug'ini berganida); Vanishing Spells (ob'ektni butunlay yo'q bo'lishiga olib keladi);^{[OotP Ch.13]} va sehrlarni sehrlash (havodan narsalar yaratish).^{[OotP Ch.13]} Jonsiz narsalarni jonli narsalarga o'zgartirish mumkin va aksincha - Minerva Makgonagal, sinf o'qituvchisi, stolini cho'chqa va qaytib Faylasuf toshi.^{[PS Ch.8]}

Qorong'u san'atdan himoya

Qorong'u san'atdan himoya, odatda qisqartiriladi D.A.D.A.,^[22] talabalarga qarshi himoya qilish usullarini o'rgatadigan sinf To'q san'at va qorong'u mavjudotlardan himoya qilish uchun. Yilda Garri Potter va o'lim sharafi, Death Eaters maktabga mas'ul bo'lganligi sababli, mavzu qayta nomlandi To'q san'atva shu bilan shug'ullanadigan o'quvchilarni o'z ichiga oladi Cruciatus la'nati hibsga olinganlarga.^{[DH Ch.29]} Ushbu mavzu xodimlarning g'ayrioddiy yuqori darajadagi almashinuviga ega - butun seriya davomida "Qorong'u san'atlarga qarshi mudofaa" o'qituvchisi bu lavozimni bir o'quv yilidan ko'proq saqlamagan. Garri bu borada juda mohir. Bu davrda voqea sodir bo'ladi, sinf tomonidan dars beriladi Quirinus Quirrell (bitta kitob ), Gilderoy Lokxart (ikkinchi kitob ), Remus Lyupin (uchinchi kitob ), Bartemius Crouch Jr. o'zini taqlid qilish Alastor "Mad-eye" Moody (to'rtinchi kitob ), Dolores Ambrij (beshinchi kitob ), Severus Sneyp (oltinchi kitob ) va Amycus Carrow (yettinchi kitob ). Xagrid taklif qiladi Garri Potter va sirlar xonasi bu "Ular bu ish jinni deb o'ylaydilar. Endi hech kim uzoq vaqt xizmat qilmadi." Yilda Yarim qonli shahzoda, Dambldor, Voldemortning bu lavozimni la'natlaganligini taklif qiladi, chunki uning arizasi rad etilgan.^{[HBP Ch.20]} Jinlarning mavjudligi oxir-oqibat Rouling tomonidan tasdiqlangan. Bu lavozimni Sneyp ham orzu qilgan edi, ammo u ham bu pozitsiyani rad etdi. Sneyp nihoyat D.A.D.A.ga tayinlandi. professor Yarim qonli shahzoda. Rouling intervyusida Voldemort vafot etganidan so'ng, u ofisga joylashtirilgan jinni olib tashlanganini va doimiy professor ushbu mavzuni oxirigacha o'qitayotganini e'lon qildi. O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar va epilog, o'n to'qqiz yil o'tgach. Bundan tashqari, u Garri Potter vaqti-vaqti bilan ushbu mavzu bo'yicha ma'ruzalar o'qish uchun sinfga kelganini tasavvur qiladi.^[23]

Jozibasi

Jozibasi sehr-jodu bilan qanday qilib sehrlashni rivojlantirishni o'rgatadigan sinf. Rouling Jozibalarni ob'ekt berish bilan bog'liq sehrli sehrning bir turi deb ta'riflagan yangi va kutilmagan xususiyatlar.^[21] Jozibali mashg'ulotlar mashxur shovqinli va tartibsiz deb ta'riflanadi, chunki darslar asosan amaliy ahamiyatga ega.^{[OotP Ch.18]} Ko'pchilik ekspozitsiya kitoblardagi ketma-ketliklar Xogvartsning ikkinchi qavatida joylashgan Jozibasi sinflarida joylashgan. Sinf o'qituvchisi Filiy Flitvik.

Ikkiliklar

Ikkiliklar sehrli effektlarga ega bo'lgan aralashmalarni yaratish san'ati sifatida tavsiflanadi. Buning uchun kerakli vaqtda va haroratda ingredientlarni to'g'ri aralashtirish va aralashtirish kerak. Magll to'g'ri sehrli ingredientlarni hisobga olgan holda iksirni pishirishi mumkinmi degan savolga, Rouling shunday dedi: "Ikkiliklar, tashqi ko'rinishiga ko'ra, eng maqbul mavzularga o'xshaydi. Ammo bu erda biron bir nuqta bor aralashtirishdan ko'proq narsani qilish kerak. "^[24] Keyinchalik Rouling tasdiqladi Pottermor bu "iksir qilish uchun har doim tayoqchaning ba'zi bir elementlari zarur".^[25] Sneypning darslari qal'aning podvalidagi g'amgin zindonda baxtsiz, zulm o'tkazgan paytlarda tasvirlangan, Sneypning o'rnini Potionlar ustasi sifatida egallagan Slughorn esa ba'zida yanada quvnoq va hatto quvnoq ko'rinishda.

Astronomiya

Astronomiya mashg'ulotlar Xogvartsdagi eng baland minoradir Astronomiya minorasida bo'lib o'tadi va ularga professor Avrora Sinistra dars beradi. Darslar bilan tungi osmonni kuzatish kiradi teleskoplar. Kitoblarda astronomiya darslari ko'rsatilmagan, ammo ularga tez-tez murojaat qilingan. Rouling Garrining Astronomiya imtihonlaridan birini tasvirlaydi Garri Potter va Feniks ordeni. Shuningdek, Astronomiya minorasining qismlari butun davomida ko'rinadi filmlar seriyasi, HP2 va HP3 kabi, va xususiyatli Yarim qonli shahzoda, Dambldor vafot etgan va ko'rgan joy sifatida O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar. Known student homework activities include learning the names of stars, constellations and planets, and their location, movements, and environments. The Astronomy Tower is also one of the three tallest towers in the Hogwarts grounds, as mentioned in The Deathly Hallows.

Sehrgarlik tarixi

Sehrgarlik tarixi is the study of magical history. Cuthbert Binns ' lessons are depicted as some of the most boring at Hogwarts. They are only lectures, given without pause, about significant events in wizarding history. Topics have included goblin rebellions, giant wars, and the origins of wizarding secrecy. This is the only class at Hogwarts that is taught by a ghost, as the professor never noticed he had died and simply continued teaching as if nothing had changed.

Gerbologiya

Gerbologiya is the study of magical plants and how to take care of, utilise and combat them. There are at least three greenhouses described in the books, holding a variety of magical plants. Herbology is also the only subject Neville excels in. The epilogue to O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar explains that he later replaces Professor Sprout as the Herbology teacher.

Aniqlik

Aniqlik is a branch of magic concerned with the magical properties of numbers. As Harry Potter does not take this subject, the class is never described in the books. It is, however, a favourite subject of Hermione. Arithmancy is reportedly difficult, as it requires memorising or working with many charts. Yilda Feniks buyrug'i, it is mentioned that the study of Arithmancy is required to become a Curse-Breaker for Gringotts. The subject is taught by Professor Septima Vector.

Qadimgi runlarni o'rganish

Qadimgi runlarni o'rganish, ko'proq tanilgan Ancient Runes, is a generally theoretical subject that studies the ancient runic scripts. Chunki faqat Germiona studies it, little else is known about this subject, taught by Professor Bathsheda Babbling.^[26] Yilda O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar Dumbledore bequeaths his copy of Bidl Bard haqidagi ertaklar, which is written in ancient runes, to Germiona.

Bashorat

Bashorat is the art of predicting the future. Various methods are described, including tea leaves, fire omens, kristall sharlar, palmistry, kartomatizm (including the reading of conventional o'yin kartalari va fol ), astrologiya va dream interpretations. Divination is described by Professor McGonagall as "one of the most imprecise branches of magic".^{[PA Ch.6]} Supporters of the subject claim that it is an inexact science that requires innate gifts such as the "Inner Eye". Those opposed claim that the subject is irrelevant and fraudulent. Harry is first taught Divination by Professor Trelawney, and then later by Firenze after Trelawney is sacked by Dolores Ambrij in Harry's fifth year. In the sixth (and presumably seventh) year, Firenze and Professor Trelawney share Divination classes, divided by year.

Sehrli mavjudotlarga g'amxo'rlik

The Monster Book of Monsters appears in Hagrid's Care of Magical Creatures class

Sehrli mavjudotlarga g'amxo'rlik is the class which instructs students on how to care for magical beasts. Classes are held outside the castle. In Harry's first two years, the class is taken by Professor Silvanus Kettleburn who then retires "in order to enjoy more time with his remaining limbs". Dumbledore then recruits the gamekeeper Rubeus Xagrid to accept a teaching position along with his gamekeeping duties. Although Hagrid is obviously very experienced and knowledgeable, he doesn't "have a normal person's view of what's dangerous", an example being that the Care of Magical Creatures students were required to get a literally ferocious textbook called the "Monster Book of Monsters", and so consistently misjudges the risk that the animals he uses in his lessons pose to his students^{[PA Ch.6][GF Ch.13]}, which sometimes results in chaos. When Hagrid is absent, his lessons are taken over by Wilhelmina Grubbly-Plank, a witch and an acquaintance of Dumbledore's.

Magl tadqiqotlari

Magl tadqiqotlari is a class that involves the study of the Muggle (non-magical) culture "from a wizarding point of view." The only need for witches and wizards to learn about Muggle ways va degani is to ensure they can blend in with Muggles while needing to do so (for example, at the 1994 Quidditch World Cup). As the class is only mentioned as being taken by Germiona, and for just one year, little is known about its curriculum.In the opening chapter of the final book, Voldemort murders Professor Charity Burbage because she portrays Muggles in a positive light and is opposed to limiting wizardry to only people of pure-blood origins. For the rest of the academic year covered by O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, the Death Eater Alecto Carrow teaches Muggle Studies. However, her lessons (which are made compulsory) mainly describe Muggles and Muggle-borns as subhuman and worthy of persecution.

Alkimyo

Alkimyo classes are not mentioned in the Garri Potter seriya; however, Rowling has used Alchemy as an example of a 'specialized' subject offered when there is sufficient demand. Alchemy is a philosophical tradition searching for the philosopher's stone, which is said to have the power to turn base metals into gold and to contain the elixir of life, which makes or keeps the drinker young and immortal. Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek Garri Potter va faylasuf toshi, Nicholas Flamel created a Philosopher's Stone, but it was destroyed at the end of Harry's first year.

Uchish

Uchish is the class that teaches the use of supurgi tayoqchalari made for the use of flying and is taught only to Hogwarts first years by Rolanda Hooch. The subject is the only one that requires physicality. The only flying lesson depicted in the Harry Potter series is in Garri Potter va faylasuf toshi; the class is never mentioned in following installments; and is not a part of the O.W.L. exams during Harry's fifth year.

Tashqi ko'rinish

Tashqi ko'rinish is an optional class for those in the sixth and seventh years at Hogwarts, in preparation for obtaining their license. In Harry's sixth year, Wilkie Twycross, a Ministry of Magic Apparition instructor, teaches the lessons. Magical enchantments on Hogwarts castle and grounds prevent Apparition and Disapparition inside the castle; ammo Half-Blood Prince explains that these protections are temporarily relaxed within the Great Hall for short periods to permit students to practice. Students are warned, though, that they will not be able to Apparate outside of the Great Hall and that it would be unwise to try. Splinching is a common mistake in apparition which causes body parts to split. It is impossible to track anyone by apparition unless the person grabs the apparator’s clothing or body.

Spell-like effects

Unbreakable Vow

The Unbreakable Vow is a voluntary agreement made between two witches or wizards. It must be performed with a witness ("Bonder") on hand, holding their wand on the agreeing persons' linked hands to bind them with magic as a tongue of flame. The Vow is not literally "unbreakable" as the person taking it is still able to go back on his or her word, but doing so will cause instant death. The Unbreakable Vow was first introduced in Half-Blood Prince, in which Snape made a promise to Narcissa Malfoy to protect Draco, with Bellatrix as the "Bonder", as her son attempted to fulfil the Dark Lord's task, and for Snape to fulfil the task if Draco fails. Da yana bir misol Half-Blood Prince occurs when Ron tells Harry how Fred and George tried to make him undertake an Unbreakable Vow, but because of their father's intervention, they did not succeed.

Priori Incantatem

Priori Incantatem (lotin tilidan: priorem incantatum - a previous spell) yoki Reverse Spell Effect, is used to detect the spells cast by a wand. The spells cast by the wand will emerge in smoky or ghost-like replicas in reverse order, with the latest spell emerging first. It is first encountered in Goblet of Fire when the house elf Winky is found holding Harry's wand. This spell is used to reveal that it was indeed Harry's wand that cast the Dark Mark. Yilda Harry Potter and the Half Blood Prince, it is revealed that the teenage Voldemort murdered his father and grandparents using his uncle Morfin's wand, knowing that, when examined, the wand would incriminate Morfin as the murderer. Yilda O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, Harry fears that a Priori Incantatem spell will be used on Hermione's wand after the Death Eaters get hold of it. This would reveal that she had accidentally broken his holly-and-phoenix-feather wand when a curse misfired and they both narrowly escaped Voldemort earlier. As a result, the protection of the shared cores was lost and, worse still, this would now be made known to Voldemort. During the final duel between Harry and Voldemort, the latter mentions that he knows that the holly and phoenix wand is destroyed, implying that the Priori Incantatem has indeed been performed on Hermione's wand, as they had feared.

Forcing two wands that share the source of their cores to do battle can also cause a more potent form of Priori Incantatem. The tips of the two wands will connect, forming a thick golden "thread" of energy, and the two wands' masters fight a battle of wills. The loser's tayoq will regurgitate shadows of spells that it has cast in reverse order. This phenomenon occurs during the duel between Harry and Voldemort at the end of Goblet of Fire. Their simultaneous spells (Harry and Voldemort cast "Expelliarmus" and "Avada Kedavra" respectively) trigger the threads, and as Voldemort loses the battle of wills, his wand regurgitates, in reverse order, echoes of the people his wand had last murdered: Sedrik Diggori; Frank Brays; Bertha Jorkins; as well as Harry's parents. Harry was previously informed by Janob Ollivander that the holly wand that "chose" Harry was the "brother" of the yew wand that gave him the lightning-shaped scar on his forehead, although the significance of this was not discussed then. Dumbledore later reveals to Harry that his and Voldemort's wands both contain a tail feather given by Dumbledore's pet feniks, Foks.

Dark Arts

The Dark Arts are magical spells and practices that are usually used for malicious purposes. Practitioners of Dark Arts are referred to as Dark witches or wizards. The most prominent of these is Voldemort, known to them as the Dark Lord. His followers, known as Death Eaters, practice the Dark Arts while doing his bidding.

The type of spells characteristic of Dark Arts are known as curses,^[27] which usually cause harm to the target. All, to a certain degree, are in some circumstances justifiable. The motivation of the caster affects a curse's result. This is most notable in the case of Cruciatus: when cast by Harry, angered by the death of his godfather at Bellatrix's hands AND desiring to punish her, it causes a short moment of pain. As Bellatrix herself comments, righteous anger does not allow the spell to work for long. When cast by figures such as Voldemort, who desire to inflict pain for its own sake, it causes intense agony that can last as long as the Dark witch or wizard desires. Use of Dark Magic can corrupt the soul and body; Voldemort has used such magic in his quest to prolong his life and obtain great power. The Dark Arts also cause Voldemort to look deformed and inhuman, a side effect of splitting his soul into Horcruxes.

According to Snape, the Dark Arts "are many, varied, ever-changing and eternal... unfixed, mutating, indestructible".^[28] In magical dueling, there are any number of spells that may be used to attack, immobilise, or disarm an opponent without causing pain or lasting harm; however, spells such as the Cruciatus Curse or Sectumsempra, judged to be Dark by reliable authorities, wound or seriously distress a victim in some way. Dark spells can be classified into three groups: jinxes, hexes & curses.

In the wizarding world, use of the Dark Arts is strongly stigmatised and some aspects are illegal; however, these spells are prevalent enough that even before the rise of Voldemort, many schools (including Hogwarts) taught Qorong'u san'atdan himoya as a standard subject. Techniques include anti-curses and simple spells to disable or disarm attackers or fight off certain creatures. Kabi ba'zi maktablar Durmstrang, teach Dark Magic. A Dark Arts class is also taught at Hogwarts while it is under Death Eater control.

Kechirilmas la'natlar

The Kechirilmas la'natlar are the most powerful known Dark Arts spells. They were first classified as unforgivable in 1717. Used by the books' villains, such as Voldemort and the Death Eaters and in some cases the Ministry of Magic, their use inspires horror and great fear amongst others. The curses are so named because their use is forbidden and unforgivable in the wizarding world and is punishable by a life sentence in Azkaban. The only exception is if a person is proved to have done them under the influence of mind control. These curses are thus very rarely used openly.

• The Killing Curse (incantation: Avada Kedavra) manifests as a jet of green light that causes immediate, painless death. The Killing Curse has no counter-curse and cannot be blocked by most magical means, although it can be blocked by love. However, the green energy bolt may be dodged, blocked with solid objects or intercepted with a few other powerful fast spells, particularly Stunning spells. Garri Potter is the only person known to have survived (twice), nullified (once) and deflected (once) this curse.
• The Cruciatus la'nati (incantation: Crucio, Latin for "I torture") causes the victim intense pain and is used for qiynoq, but does not physically harm them. The strength of the curse is determined by the person who cast it. It was used regularly by the Death Eaters. The curse can torture a person to the point that they are exhausted to death, or in a more sadistic case, it causes permanent amnesia and insanity. Effective casting requires the caster to have sadistic desires. It is shown as a bright-faded blue light (though it is usually invisible or even a red bolt of light in the films).
• The Imperiyning la'nati (incantation: Imperio, faux Latin for "I command", cf. imperializm va majburiy ) uchun ishlatiladi ongni boshqarish yoki gipnoz and can force the victim to do things they would normally be unwilling or unable to. The strength and duration of the curse depends on the caster, as well as the level of resistance of the victim. The curse is shown as a bright haze (while it was either invisible or green, mist-like haze in the films).

The use of the Unforgivable Curses was authorised against Voldemort and his followers by Bartemius Crouch Sr, during the First Wizarding War. (Shortly after his resurrection, Voldemort names two Death Eaters "killed by Avroristlar ".) In addition, in O'limga bag'ishlangan sharaflar, the Unforgivable Curses are used liberally by good characters, ranging from Professor McGonagall with the Imperius Curse, to Harry effectively using the Cruciatus Curse. He also uses the Imperius Curse on a goblin and a suspicious Death Eater during their disguised attack upon Gringotts Bank.

Dark Mark

The Dark Mark is the symbol of Voldemort and the Death Eaters and takes the form of a skull with a snake coming out of the mouth in place of a tongue. The mark is cast into the sky by Death Eaters whenever they have murdered someone. Morsmordre is the spell to conjure the Mark. Avval paydo bo'ladi Goblet of Fire and is described as a "colossal skull, composed of what looked like emerald stars, with a serpent protruding from its mouth like a tongue". Once in the sky it was "blazing in a haze of greenish smoke". Dark Marks are also branded on the left forearm of the closest followers of Voldemort. The mark serves as a connection between Voldemort and each who bears it; he can summon them by touching his mark, causing it and those of his followers to burn and change colour. Death Eaters can summon Voldemort in the same fashion. Following Voldemort's ultimate defeat, the Dark Marks on his Death Eaters fade into a scar "similar" to Harry's.^[15] In the books, the Dark Mark is described as green; however, in the films, it was only green at the Quidditch World Cup. In all other film appearances it has been grey.

Inferius

An Inferius (ko'plik: Inferi) a murda controlled through a Dark wizard's spells. An Inferius is not alive, but a dead body that has been bewitched into acting like a puppet for the jodugar or wizard; this manifests itself as a white mist in the controlled corpse's eyes. They cannot think for themselves: they are created to perform a specific duty assigned by the Dark wizard who commands them, and as seen in the Inferi guarding Voldemort's Horcrux in a seaside cave, remain idle until their task can be performed. This task is then thoughtlessly carried out, whether or not it will produce any result. Inferi are difficult to harm by magic; however, they can be repelled by fire or any other forms of heat or light, as the Inferi in Voldemort's cave had never been exposed to either of these elements. When defeated, they return to their idle state.

Inferi are considered dangerous and frightening enough by the magical world that impersonating an Inferius (as Mundungus Fletcher is reported to have done in Half-Blood Prince) is an offence worthy of imprisonment in Azkaban.

The Ministry of Magic fears that Voldemort is killing enough people to make an army of Inferi: as they are dead, they are very difficult to stop. When Voldemort was hiding one of his Horcruxes in the past, he filled a lake in a cave with many Inferi, which were to attack and drown anyone but Voldemort who came into the cavern and took the locket. When Harry and Dumbledore took the locket, the Inferi attacked Harry; Dumbledore repelled them with a rope of fire. It is also revealed that the Inferi almost killed Kreacher after he drank from the basin to help Voldemort hide his Horcruxes, but having been ordered to return to his master after his task with Voldemort was complete, he was able to apparate out of the cave. These Inferi later killed Regulus Black when he stole the Horcrux and ordered Kreacher to destroy it.

In Latin, the word inferus (ko'plik: inferi) means "below", often referring in the plural to "the gods below" (see di inferi ) or the spirits of the dead.^[29] Inferius is a neuter singular form of pastroq, a comparative adjective meaning "lower".^[29][30]

Horcrux

A horcrux is an object created using dark magic to attain effective immortality. The concept is first introduced in the sixth novel, Garri Potter va yarim qonli shahzoda, although horcruxes are present in earlier novels without being described or expanded upon.

To create a horcrux, a witch or wizard must first prepare the chosen object^[31] in a ritual which is referred to only as “too horrible to go into detail about”. Following the preparation of the object, the witch or wizard must then take a life, an act which splits the soul. Following that, further dark rituals are required in order to remove the soul shard from the maker and place it into the prepared object. Once this is done, the Horcrux becomes impervious to almost all forms of destruction, requiring extremely powerful magic or substances to do so.

Ordinarily, when one's body is killed, the soul departs for the next world. If, however, the body of a horcrux owner is killed, that portion of his soul which had remained in his body will not pass on to the next world, but will rather exist in a non-corporeal form capable of being resurrected by another wizard. If all of someone's horcruxes are destroyed, then his soul's only anchor in the material world would be his body, the destruction of which would then cause his final death. To destroy the horcrux, the destroyer must destroy it in such a way that it is put beyond magical repair. In the seventh book, Gryffindor’s sword, Basilisk fang and Fiendfyre are the substances used to destroy them.

Portretlar

In Garri Potter series the subjects of magical portraits (even those of characters that are dead) can move, interact with living observers, speak and demonstrate apparent emotion and personality. Some can even move to other portraits to visit each other, or relay messages, or (if more than one painting of the subject exists) move between separate locations by way of their portraits. An example of this is Phineas Nigellus Black, who has a painting in the Headmaster's office and at Number 12 Grimmauld Place. Many such portraits are found on the walls of Hogwarts.

Some portraits are used to conceal the entrance of a room or passageway. For example, the Fat Lady's portrait covers the entrance to the Griffindor common room, and she can swing the portrait open when given the correct password or close to prevent entry. Yilda Garri Potter va o'lim sharafi, there is a portrait of Ariana Dumbledore in the Talabalar xonasi that conceals a secret passageway to the Hog's Head. There is also a painting of a large fruit bowl in front of the Hogwarts kitchen, which will swing open if the pear is tickled to reveal a hidden door.

Portraits are enchanted to move by the artist, but the degree to which they can interact with others depends on the power of the subject.^[32] Rowling has commented that a portrait is merely a faint imprint of the deceased subject, imitating their basic personality and thought patterns. They are therefore "not as fully realised as ghosts".^[33] Yilda Garri Potter va la'natlangan bola the portrait of Albus Dumbledore describes himself as only "paint and memory" and Professor McGonagall (his successor as headteacher of Hogwarts) comments that, although she speaks to Dumbledore to help her in making decisions, she is careful to remember that "portraits don't represent even half of their subjects".

Portraits in the Headmaster's office

The portraits in the Headmaster's office depict all the former Heads of Hogwarts, with the exception of Dolores Umbridge. They advise the Headmaster and are "honour-bound to give service to the present headmaster" (according to Armando Dippet). Rowling has explained that portraits of past headteachers tend to be more realistic than most, as the subject in question usually imparts knowledge and teaches them how to behave before their death. The portrait of Snape was installed in the Headmaster's Office at Harry's request.^[32]

Yog'li xonim

Ning portreti the Fat Lady covers the door to Griffindor Minora. She will open it (sometimes grudgingly) when the correct password is uttered. She is often upset after being awoken, and is sometimes seen drunk with her best friend, Violet. The Fat Lady has no other known name – even the unfailingly polite Albus Dumbledore refers to her only as "the Fat Lady" – and it may be that she does not represent a real person but is instead an invention of her portrait's artist. Yilda Faylasuf toshi, she leaves her portrait in the middle of the night, locking Harry, Ron, Hermione, and Neville out of Gryffindor Tower, forcing them to run across the school. Luckily for them, when they return, she has returned to her portrait, allowing them to escape into Gryffindor Tower. Yilda Prisoner of Azkaban, Sirius Black slashes the Fat Lady's portrait when she won't let him in without a password and it is some time before she dares to guard Gryffindor Tower again. After her portrait is restored, she requests protection in case someone tries to attack her portrait again. Thus, two security trolls are hired. Yilda Half-Blood Prince, she gets so annoyed with Harry's late return that she pretends the password has changed and tries to call him back when he heads off to talk to Dumbledore. When Harry later confirms Dumbledore's death, she lets out a sob and, for the only time in the series, she opens without the password for Harry in her grief.

In birinchi film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs va tomonidan Shafaq frantsuzcha ichida uchinchi film.

Fotosuratlar

Wizarding photographs of people have similar properties to magical painted portraits: the figures within move about or even sometimes leave the frame. They appear in wizard newspapers and other print media, as well as on Chocolate Frog cards.^[HP1] Kolin Krivi mentions in Chamber of Secrets that a boy in his dormitory said that if he develops the film from his Muggle camera 'in the right potion', the pictures will move.^[34] However, unlike portraits, figures in wizarding pictures cannot speak and display little sentience. It appears that they do have some knowledge of current events, as in Feniks buyrug'i, the family photograph on Arthur's desk shows everyone except Percy "who appeared to have walked out of it".^[35]

Adabiyotlar

Qo'shimcha o'qish

• Highfield, Roger (2002). The Science of Harry Potter: How magic really works. Nyu-York: Viking. ISBN  978-0-670-03153-5.
• Teare, Elizabeth (2002). "Harry Potter and the technology of magic". In Whited, Lana A. (ed.). The Ivory Tower and Harry Potter: Perspectives on a literary phenomenon. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. pp.29 –342. ISBN  978-0-8262-1549-9.
• Black, Sharon (2003). "The Magic of Harry Potter: Symbols and Heroes of Fantasy". Ta'limdagi bolalar adabiyoti. 34 (3): 237–247. doi:10.1023/A:1025314919836.

Tashqi havolalar

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