Falsafa va iqtisodiy fan maktabi - School of Philosophy and Economic Science - Wikipedia

Buni chalkashtirib yubormaslik kerak London iqtisodiyot maktabi.

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Falsafa va iqtisodiy fan maktabi
Iqtisodiy fan maktabi logotipi
School of Economic Science, London 24 April 2015.JPG
Falsafa va iqtisodiyot fanlari maktabiga kirish, Mandevil joyi, London
Manzil
11-13 Mandevil joyi

Marylebone

London

Birlashgan Qirollik
Ma `lumot
Boshqa ismlarFalsafa maktabi, amaliy falsafa maktabi, Filosofie maktabi, Escuela de Filosofia Practica, Falsafiy tadqiqotlar fondi
Oldingi ismlarGenri Jorj Iqtisodiyot maktabi, Iqtisodiy fan maktabi
O'rnatilgan1938
Ta'sischiLeon MacLaren
IshonchIqtisodiy fan maktabining do'stligi
Taklif etilgan darslarAmaliy falsafa, adolat bilan iqtisodiyot, sanskrit tili
Maktab rahbariDonald Lambi
AsosiyYan Meyson
Ro'yxatdan o'tgan xayriya raqamlari313115 va SC039950
Global joylashuvArgentina, Avstraliya, Belgiya, Kanada, Kipr, Fidji, Germaniya, Gretsiya, Gollandiya, Vengriya, Irlandiya, Isroil, Malta, Yangi Zelandiya, Ispaniya, Janubiy Afrika, Trinidad, Buyuk Britaniya, AQSh, Venesuela
Veb-saythttps://schoolofphilosophy.org/

The Falsafa va iqtisodiy fan maktabi (SPES), shuningdek, nomlari ostida ishlaydi Falsafa maktabi va Amaliy falsafa maktabi va qonuniy ravishda Iqtisodiy fan maktabi (SES),[1] dunyo bo'ylab tashkil etilgan tashkilotdir London.[2][3][4][5][6] Kattalar uchun akademik bo'lmagan kurslarni taklif etadi, "Amaliy falsafa" deb nomlangan boshlang'ich seriyasidan ancha rivojlangan sinflarga qadar.[7] Uning ta'limotlari asosan ta'sir ko'rsatadi Advaita Vedanta,[8][9] ning pravoslav falsafiy tizimi Hinduizm.[10] Uning gurusi bor, Shri Vasudevananda Sarasvati,[11] sarlavhani kim ishlatgan Shankaracharyo 2017 yilgacha.[12] Tashkilot, ayniqsa, bilan bog'liq ravishda tortishuvlarga sabab bo'ldi tarixiy bolalarga nisbatan zo'ravonlik va ayollarga yomon munosabatda bo'lish; u shuningdek kult, mazhab yoki deb ta'riflangan yangi diniy harakat.[13][5][14][15][16]

Tashkilot "Amaliy falsafa", "Adolat bilan iqtisodiyot" nomli kirish kurslarini va boshqa kurslarni, shu jumladan sanskrit tilini reklama qiladi.[17] Amaliy falsafa kursi "Mashq" deb nomlangan meditatsiya jarayonini o'z ichiga oladi[18][19] kabi Evropa va Hindiston faylasuflari ijodiga asoslangan universal mavzularni muhokama qilish Aflotun, Marsilio Ficino, Swami Vivekananda va Adi Shankara, shuningdek, Advaita.[20] 4 yildan keyin ishtirok etishni davom ettiradiganlar asosan Advaitani o'rganadilar;[21] ular turmush qurishga da'vat etiladi va meditatsiya bilan shug'ullanishi, tashkilot ishiga ko'maklashish va uy-joy dasturlarida qatnashishi uchun ixtiyoriy ishlarni bajarishi talab qilinadi.[22]

Tashkilot a'zolari bir qator mamlakatlarda bolalar ta'limi maktablarini tashkil etishgan.[23] Tashkilot Buyuk Britaniyada xayriya tashkiloti sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tgan; butun dunyo bo'ylab operatsiyalar o'z mamlakatlarida notijorat tashkilotlar sifatida ro'yxatdan o'tkaziladi.[24]

Tashkilot yilda tashkil etilgan London[6] tomonidan Mehnat Deputat Endryu Maklaren.[25] Uning vorisi va o'g'li, Maktab rahbari Leon MacLaren (1910-1994), advokat[26][27] dasturlarini joriy qildi Advaita Vedanta.[25]

SES-ning 2017 yilgi moliyaviy hisobotiga ko'ra, o'sha yilning oxirida Buyuk Britaniyada jami 3173 nafar ro'yxatdan o'tgan.[28] 2012 yilga kelib uning butun dunyo bo'ylab 80 ga yaqin filialida jami 20000 atrofida xizmat ko'rsatgan.[22][4][5] Amerika, Kanada, Venesuela, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Janubiy Afrika, Trinidad, Belgiya, Kipr, Gretsiya, Gollandiya, Malta, Ispaniya, Irlandiya, Vengriya, Germaniya, Isroil va Argentinada turli nomlar ostida faoliyat yuritadi.[6][29] Ushbu filiallarning barchasi SESning "Katta o'qituvchisi", MacLarenning vorisi, Donald Lambi, u ham advokat.[30][27][31]

Ishga qabul qilishni rag'batlantirish uchun tashkilotning kurslari past ushlab turiladi; xayr-ehsonlar va irodalar tufayli tashkilot katta miqdordagi pul yig'indisiga va butun dunyo bo'ylab mulk portfeliga, shu jumladan bir nechta qasrlarga ega.[32][33][34][35][36][37]

Tarix

Jamg'arma

Iqtisodiy fan maktabi 1938 yilda Buyuk Britaniyada tashkil etilgan Endryu Maklaren Deputat[38] va uning o'g'li Leon MacLaren, Genri Jorj nomidagi iqtisodiy maktab.[5] Bu amerikalik iqtisodchining iqtisodiy nazariyalarini tushuntirgan iqtisodiy tadqiqotlar guruhi edi Genri Jorj.[5][39][40][41] Dastlab guruh parlamentning qo'mita zalida uchrashdi Parlament uylari.[42]Leon MacLaren tashkilotni otasi Endryudan meros qilib oldi va uning yo'nalishini "jamiyatdagi erkaklar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni tartibga soluvchi tabiiy qonunlarni o'rganish" ga o'zgartirdi.[5] U fanni tabiatda allaqachon mavjud bo'lgan qonunlarni o'rganish deb hisoblagan; iqtisodiyot inson tabiati va uning tabiiy koinot bilan o'zaro aloqalarini o'rganadi.[43] 1942 yilda guruh nomi Iqtisodiy fan maktabi deb o'zgartirildi;[42][16] ushbu nom 2019 yilda reklama materialidagi ism o'zgarguncha saqlanib qoldi Falsafa va iqtisodiy fan maktabi.[44]

Ouspenskiy va Gurjieffning ta'siri

MacLaren kitobni o'rganib chiqdi San'at sohasi (1946), insoniyat tabiati, jamiyat, san'at, fan, din, evolyutsiya, ijodkorlik, iroda, aql va materiya, bilim va ong tabiati haqidagi g'oyalarni keng qamrovli tadqiq qilish.[45] Aynan shu kitob uni Ouspenskiy g'oyalari bilan birinchi tanishtirgan;[46] u o'zining g'oyalarini SESga kiritdi va muallif Piter Goffinni ma'ruzalar o'qishga taklif qildi.[47][48]

P. D. Ouspenskiy ning o'quvchisi edi G. I. Gurdjieff va ularning "to'rtinchi yo'l" deb nomlangan falsafasi birlashtirildi.[49] Gurjieff ikkalasi ham g'arbiy fikrga chuqurroq tushuncha beradigan xarizmatik intellektual sifatida maqtovga sazovor bo'lgan va shaxsni buzish uchun charchash uchun izdoshlarini ishlagan egomaniakal charlatan sifatida tanbeh berilgan.[50] 1953 yilda Maklaren To'rtinchi yo'lni o'qitishni davom ettirish uchun 1951 yilda O'quv Jamiyatini tashkil etgan Ouspenskiyning shogirdi Frensis S Roles bilan uchrashdi.[49] MacLaren Gurdjieff tizimini tizimlashtirdi va ushbu g'oyalarni o'z kurslariga kiritdi;[14][51] g'oyalar aralashtirildi sotsiologiya, va insonning ichki tabiati jamiyatni boshqaradigan kuchlar doirasida ko'rib chiqildi.[52][23][50]

1990-yillarning o'rtalarida Maklaren vafot etganida, SES asta-sekin yondashuvni o'zgartirdi va ochiqroq bo'lishni tanladi.[53] Hozirgi kunda SES Gurjieffian materiallarining ko'pchiligini bekor qilganga o'xshaydi (u endi MacLarenning ma'ruzalaridan foydalanmaydi) va rasmiy SES veb-saytlarida Gurdjieff yoki Ouspenskiyni tan olmaydi.[46]

Maharishi Mahesh Yogining ta'siri

Ouspenskiy Gurjievning ta'limoti to'liq emas deb hisoblagan va ikkala Rol ham, MacLaren ham yo'qolgan elementlarni topishga intilgan.[54] 1959 yilda Maklaren ta'limotini kashf etdi Advaita Vedanta uchrashuvidan keyin Maharishi Mahesh Yogi va mashq qila boshladi Transandantal meditatsiya (TM).[46][54] Ikkala rol va Maklaren ham Maharishi Mahesh Yogining shogirdlariga aylanishdi.[55] 1961 yil 13 martda Maklaren Maharishi uchun "1961 yilgi Butunjahon Kongressi" deb nomlangan uchrashuv tashkil qildi Qirollik Albert Xoll. Tadbirdan ikki kun oldin kichikroq uchrashuvlar bo'lib o'tdi Kakton zali.[56] Qirollik Albert Xoll yig'ilishida 5000 kishi, deyarli SES a'zolari ishtirok etishdi.[56][14][57][58] Ishtirokchilardan biri nutqning ta'sirini "ulkan" deb ta'riflab, o'zini yangi ozod qilingan mahbusga o'xshatdi. U meditatsiya to'liq bo'lmagan Gurdjieff-Ouspenskiy tizimining yo'qolgan bo'g'ini deb taxmin qildi.[59]

SES tomonidan ishlatiladigan muayyan meditatsiya turi Brahmananda Saraswati tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan (Gurudeva ). MacLaren uni boshlash marosimi orqali qabul qilindi va u Gurjiev g'oyalarining manbasini topdi deb taxmin qildi.[50] Shantananda Sarasvati muntazam va intizomli ravishda meditatsiya qilish eng yuqori ahamiyatga ega ekanligini o'rgatdi. Meditatsiya SES falsafasi dasturining markaziy qismiga aylandi va uni guruhning barcha katta a'zolari olib boradilar.[60][61][46]

Meditatsiya maktabi

SES targ'ib qilishda muhim rol o'ynadi Transandantal meditatsiya (TM) 1960 yildan Buyuk Britaniyada.[62] Bilan hamkorlikda o'quv jamiyati va Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, SES 1961 yilda Londonda Meditatsiya Maktabini (SoM) tashkil etdi,[63][59] Bill Uayting rahbarligida. SoM ning maqsadi meditatsiya tamoyillari va amaliy qo'llanilishini o'rganish va o'rgatish edi va qolmoqda.[57][23][64] SoMning keyingi rahbarlarining aksariyati Maharishi talabalari edi.[59] Meditatsiya maktabi endi mustaqil, o'zini o'zi boshqaradigan tashkilotdir. 2011 yilga kelib, SoM meditatsiya amaliyotiga 15 332 kishini jalb qildi, uning Buyuk Britaniyaning bir necha qismida, shuningdek Gretsiya va Gollandiyada filiallari mavjud.[65][66][64] SES ham, SoM ham Transxendental Meditatsiyani Maharishi Mahesh Yogi tomonidan joriy etilgan bo'lib, uni qayta tiklashga qadimgi texnika Braxmananda Sarasvati.[67][68]

Shri Shantanada Sarasvatiy

Advaita

Bilan meditatsiyani o'rganish uchun Hindistonga safarda Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Rollar uchrashdi Shankarxaryo ning Jyotir matematikasi, Svami Shantanand Sarasvati, kim rollarga ishongan bo'lsa, u ham ma'naviy maslahatchi o'rganish jamiyati va SES qidirib topildi MacLaren ikkalasi ham talaba bo'lgan Shantandandga.[58] Swami Shantananda Saraswati, Jotir Matemaning Shankaracharyodan avvalgi Maharishi bilan birga shogirdi bo'lgan. Braxmananda Sarasvati.[69][50] Shu vaqtdan boshlab, MacLaren ta'limotlari asosan asoslangan edi Advanta Vedanta u SES ichida tarqatgan.[70][46] 1950-yillarning o'rtalarida Amaliy Falsafa SESda o'qitish va amaliyotning markaziy mavzusiga aylandi va hozirgi kunga qadar shunday bo'lib qolmoqda.[60][61][71] Maklarenning Shantanand Sarasvati bilan munozaralari[50] SES falsafasining markaziy printsipini "xilma-xillikda birlik", Sharq falsafasi va G'arb donoligining birlashishi sifatida mustahkamladi.[5][72]

1965 yildan boshlab, har ikkinchi yilda, butun umr davomida Maklaren Shantananda Sarasvat bilan suhbatlashdi va bu suhbatlar lenta va stsenariylarga yozildi.[46] Ushbu suhbatlar to'rt jildli seriyada nashr etilgan. O'qitish, ko'ngilli o'qituvchilar bo'lgan SESning ilg'or talabalari tomonidan tarqatiladi va MacLaren va Shantanand Saraswati vorislari tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadi, ular Donald Lambie va SES gurusi Shri Vasudevananda Sarasvati.[27]

Maklaran yana bir hindistonlik bilan uchrashdi donishmand, Daṇḍī Svāmī Nārāyaṇānanda Sarasvatu, u Shantananda Sarasvatining ham, Brahmananda Sarasvatining ham talabasi bo'lgan. Daṇḍī Svāmī Nārāyaṇānanda Sarasvatu, shuningdek, Gollandiyadagi SES filiali rahbari bilan aloqada bo'lgan.[58]

Sanskrit tili

Shantananda Sarasvati MacLaren bilan suhbatlarida Advaitani o'rganishda sanskrit tilining ahamiyatini ta'kidladi.[73] SESkrits tilini SESda o'rganish 1960 yillarning oxirlarida boshlanib, 1977 yilda "o'rta maktab" deb nomlangan narsaning rasmiy qismiga aylandi.[74] SES sanskrit tilini o'rganish bo'yicha jahon darajasidagi markaz hisoblanadi.[65]

Amaldagi san'at

1977 yilda SESning San'at bo'limi har yili to'rt kunlik san'at festivalini boshladi Amaldagi san'at da Waterperry bog'lari;[75][76] birinchi tadbir 14000 tashrif buyuruvchilarni jalb qildi va so'nggi tadbirlarning har biri 25000 ga yaqin mehmonlarni jalb qildi.[22][77] Tadbirning maqsadi - rassomlar va hunarmandlarga o'z san'atlarini yaratish jarayonida kuzatishga imkon berish orqali SES tamoyillarini namoyish etish, bu esa ijodkorlarni rag'batlantirish maqsadida ustalar va yangi boshlanuvchilarni birlashtirishdir.[78][25] Yillar davomida ko'rgazmaga tashrif buyuradigan rassomlar soni o'z ishlarining sifati uchun maxsus tanlangan 51 dan 400 gacha o'sdi.[78][25][79] Tadbirda shuningdek mutaxassislar tomonidan ma'ruzalar tinglandi Dekorativ va tasviriy san'at jamiyatlari milliy assotsiatsiyasi va 20 ta turli mavzudagi amaliy kurslarda 3000 ta joy.[78] SESning 900 ga yaqin ko'ngillilari tadbirda ishladilar.[78][80] Tadbirni Waterperry Estate styuarderi Bernard Sonders boshladi,[81] tomonidan tashkil etilgan Jeremy Sinclair CBE 2005 yildan 2014 yilgacha va keyinchalik Simon Buchanan[82][83]

40 yildan so'ng, tashkilotchilar Art in Action "pauza qilishlarini" va ularning qarashlari Waterperry Gardens-ning "kelgusi yillarda san'at markazi sifatida rivojlanishi" ni e'lon qilishdi.[84] O'shandan beri tashkilot Buyuk Britaniyada Handmade festivalini o'tkazib kelmoqda,[85] Keramika bayramini nishonlash,[86] Oksford hikoyalari festivali[87] va Waterperry Opera festivali.[88]

Yangi rahbar

1992 yilda Shantanand Sarasvati Leon MacLarenga voris tanlashni maslahat berdi.[89] U 1973 yilda 17 yoshli SESga qo'shilgan advokat Donald Lambini tanladi.[90] Donald Lambi 1994 yilda vafot etganidan keyin Leon Maklarenni egalladi.[31][27][91] Uning merosxo'rligini tashkilotning katta a'zolari bo'lgan 200 kishilik stipendiya tasdiqladi.[57] Shri Shantanand Sarasvati 1997 yilda vafot etdi. Donald Lambi o'z o'rnini egallagan Shri Vasudevananda Sarasvati bilan aloqani o'rnatdi, u SESda guru rolini o'ynadi.[92] Shri Vasudevananda Sarasvati ushbu rolni bajarishda davom etmoqda.

Waterperry fresklari

Waterperry House-dagi freskalar

SES me'morlari va rassomlar guruhlarining 1971 yilda boshlangan Waterpery House-da yangi zalni qurish va qurish bo'yicha loyihasidan so'ng,[60][25] 1999-2001 yillarda, fresklar uch qavatdan iborat bo'lib, SES falsafalarini aks ettiruvchi, kamida 500 yilga mo'ljallangan muqaddas makon yaratish uchun mulkka qo'shildi.[93][94][95][96] Me'morlar va rassomlar o'zlarining naqshlarini buyuk matnlardan birining parchasini aks ettirishga ijozat berishdi Advaita falsafa, Brixadaranyaka Unpanishad: "Dastlab bu men haqiqatan ham Braxman edi. U o'zini faqat" Men Braxman "deb bilar edi. Shuning uchun hammasi bo'lib qoldi."[97][25] Maklaren Maqsadga mos joy yaratish edi Qirol Janaka, shunga ko'ra ko'prik va zinapoyalar stakanda rejalashtirilgan edi.[60][25]

Bolalar ta'limi

1975 yilda SES kompaniyasi Sent-Jeyms mustaqil maktablari Londonda bitta qiz bolalar uchun maktab va o'g'il bolalar uchun maktab mavjud bo'lib, ikkalasi ham 4-18 yoshdagi bolalar uchun mo'ljallangan.[98][99] Bugungi kunda Seynt Jeymsdagi bolalarning atigi 10 foizigina SES bilan bog'liq ota-onalarga ega.[4] Ular ichida joylashgan Sunday Times 'Buyuk Britaniyaning eng yaxshi maktablari uchun qo'llanma.[100] Sankt-Vedastning O'g'il bolalar uchun maktabi, da Sarum Chase yilda Xempstid, London, shuningdek, 1970-yillarning o'rtalarida tashkil etilgan va 1985 yilda yopilgan.[8] Boshqa maktablarga Yangi Zelandiyaning Oklend shahridagi Ficino maktabi; Keyptaun shahridagi Sent-Jeyms tayyorlov maktablari, Durban va Yoxannesburg, Janubiy Afrika; Jon Kolet maktabi, Sidney, Avstraliya; Erasmus maktabi, Melburn, Avstraliya; The Sent-Jeyms mustaqil maktablari Londonda; Alkuin maktabi Lids (2009 yilda yopilgan); Sent-Jeymsning boshlang'ich maktabi Stockport (2015 yilda yopilgan); va Jon Scottus maktabi Dublin.[101][102] Sent-Jeyms Junior Boys 2015 yilda "Seynt Jeyms Juniors" ni tashkil etish uchun "Junior Girls School" bilan birlashdi.[103]

Yunon falsafasi, Sharq falsafasi, Vedik raqsi, Shekspir, Uyg'onish san'ati, meditatsiya, ehtiyotkorlik, Lotin, Yunoncha, Sanskrit tili, xattotlik va Veda matematikasi ushbu maktablarning ba'zilarida odatiy o'quv dasturidan tashqari juda erta yoshdan boshlab o'qitiladi.[104][105][106][107][108][4] Shuningdek, jamoaviy o'yinlar, musiqa va san'at orqali sportga katta e'tibor beriladi. Bolalarga odob-axloq, odob-axloq, rostgo'ylik va halollik fazilatlari o'rgatiladi.[108]

Amaldagi san'at festival da Waterperry bog'lari

Bolalarga nisbatan tarixiy ayblovlar

Sent-Jeyms va Sent-Vedast maktablari

1980-yillarning boshlarida SES tomonidan tashkil etilgan va boshqariladigan "Sent-Jeyms" va "Sent-Vedast" bolalar maktablari ota-onalardan shikoyatlarni qabul qilishdi va tanqidiy fikrlarga duch kelishdi qator maqolalar "[109][110] ichida London Evening Standard, Maktabning qattiq intizom rejimi va uning jurnalistlar "kult" deb ta'riflagan Iqtisodiy fan maktabi bilan aloqalariga e'tibor qaratdi.

2004 yilda an Internet-xabar taxtasi sobiq Seynt Jeyms va Sent-Vedast o'quvchilari eslashlari bilan o'rtoqlashdi, shu jumladan yomon muomala, asossiz jazo va hujumga oid ko'plab shikoyatlar.[8] Ko'pchilik ijobiy guvohliklarni o'rtoqlashdi.[iqtibos kerak ]

Sent-Jeyms maktablari bo'yicha so'rov

2005 yilda quyidagi shikoyatlardan so'ng Internet-xabar taxtasi sobiq o'quvchilaridan, Sent-Jeyms maktablari gubernatorlari inglizlar raisligida xususiy so'rov o'tkazdilar QC, Jeyms Taunsend, ayblovlarga. Tekshiruv natijasida 1975 yildan 1985 yilgacha bo'lgan davrda bolalar maktablarda o'qiyotganda "jinoiy tajovuz" qilingan.[8]

Surishtiruv raisi o'g'il bolalarni «yuziga yoki oshqozoniga musht tushirish, boshidan qattiq qisish, ba'zi hollarda jarohat etkazish uchun ularga taxtadan yasalgan kauçuklar uloqtirilishi, qarama-qarshi holatlarda ularga kriket to'plari zo'rlik bilan tashlanish holatlarini tasvirlab berdi. u otish paytida va sport zalining uchi bilan urilgan. Boshqa o'quvchilarni tepishdi, orqasidan urishdi, yuziga urishdi, sinf xonasiga uloqtirishdi ”. Hisobotda “provokatsiya nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, hech narsa bu noto'g'ri munosabatni oqlay olmaydi. Bu aniq asossiz va jinoiy edi ”.

Hisobotga javoban, maktabda ishtirok etgan o'qituvchilar "intizomiy ogohlantirish olishadi", ammo "ularni maktablardan olib tashlash rejasi yo'q", deb ta'kidladilar.[15] . O'qituvchilar endi Sent-Jeymsda ishlamaydilar.[111]

So'rov matbuot va ommaviy axborot vositalarida yoritilishi

So'rov bo'yicha hisobot a tomonidan e'lon qilindi 4-kanal televidenie yangiliklarining maxsus reportaji 2006 yil 15 martda va respublika va mahalliy gazetalarda.[112][113] 4-kanalning ijtimoiy masalalar bo'yicha muxbiri Viktoriya Makdonald sobiq Seynt Jeyms o'quvchilari va o'sha paytdagi direktor Devid Boddidan intervyu oldi, u hokimlar shikoyatlarni birinchi marta eshitganini aytdi. Biroq, dastur 1983 yilda jazo rejimlari to'g'risida shikoyatlar bo'lganligi va Boddining o'zi ishtirok etgan ota-onalar bilan uchrashuvlar o'tkazilganligi haqida xabar berdi.[15]

Hisobotda, shuningdek, "maktablarning axloqi va xulq-atvorida haqiqiy o'zgarishlar yuz berganligi, ushbu guvohlarning dalillari bilan tasdiqlangan, ular tabiiy ravishda SESga nisbatan yaxshi munosabatda emasligi, ular haqida ular baxtli joylar kabi ko'rinadigan joyda. o'quvchilar va o'qituvchilar o'rtasida erkin muhit "[8]

2020 yil dekabrda a BBC yangiliklari[114] "Sent-Jeyms va Sent-Vedast maktablarining o'nlab sobiq talabalariga suiiste'mol qilish bo'yicha tarixiy da'volardan so'ng qariyb 1 million funt tovon puli to'langanligini" ta'kidladi. 2016 yilda ushbu maktabga qarshi boshlangan qonuniy choralardan so'ng, Bi-bi-si "1975-1992 yillarda maktablarda tahsil olgan 45 nafar sobiq talabalar shu paytgacha har biri 30 ming funt sterlinggacha to'lovlarni olgan. Barcha holatlar qabul qilinmasdan hal qilindi. javobgarlik va sud oldida kelmagan ".

Platon maktabi

Amsterdamdagi Platon bolalar maktabi Buyuk Britaniyaning Sent-Jeyms maktablari bilan chambarchas bog'lanib, SESning Gollandiyalik filiali tomonidan tashkil etilgan.

1996 va 2000 yillarda Gollandiyalik politsiya tomonidan noqonuniy jismoniy jazolar va bolalarga nisbatan yomon munosabatda bo'lish holatlari bo'yicha tergov o'tkazilgan. 2000 va 2001 yillarda Gollandiyada chop etilgan bir qator maqolalar [115] maktab boshlig'i jinoiy javobgarlikka tortilgani va hujumda aybdor deb topilganligi haqida xabar berdi. Maktab 2002 yilda ikkinchi politsiya tekshiruvidan so'ng va Gollandiyadagi SES tarkibida doimiy bo'linish davrida yopilgan.

Avvalgi o'quvchilar bilan suhbatlar

Aktrisa Emili Uotson Sent-Jeymsda qatnashdi, u erda a 2020 Times intervyusi[116] uning so'zlariga ko'ra, u "men bilgan o'ta shafqatsizlik voqealari odamlar hayotida oldinga siljish uchun juda qo'rqinchli bo'lgan".[117]

2009 yilda aktrisa va sobiq St Jeyms o'quvchisi Klara Salaman nashr etilgan Uyat sizga, maktab va u tarbiyalangan tashkilot bilan bo'lgan tajribalari asosida yozilgan roman; u qonuniy sabablarga ko'ra uni nomlamagan, ammo boshqa manbalar uni "Iqtisodiyot maktabi" deb atagan.[118] U tashkilotni "o'ziga xos uslubda, o'ta qat'iy, haqiqatni izlaydigan, uning a'zolaridan favqulodda miqdorni talab qiladigan ma'naviy jamiyat" deb ta'rifladi.[119] Intervyuda u aytdi Yangi Zelandiya radiosi uning kitobining 75% dan 85% gacha uning bolaligidanoq sodir bo'lgan voqealar haqida yozilgan. Ular orasida o'qituvchilar avvalgi o'quvchilarga uylanishlari, ruhiy va jismoniy zo'ravonliklar o'z joniga qasd qilish haqida o'ylashlariga, boshqa qiz o'z joniga qasd qilishga urinishlariga, uchinchisi o'z joniga qasd qilishni muvaffaqiyatli amalga oshirishga sabab bo'lgan. "Endi bu joy juda boshqacha, menga doim aytishadi", dedi u.[120]

Ta'lim va amaliyot

SES-da o'qitish kichik guruhlarda, o'qituvchi va talabalar o'rtasida quyidagilarga rioya qilgan holda dialog shaklida amalga oshiriladi Sokratik o'quv dasturi, darsliklar va imtihonlar bilan belgilangan kursni tashkil etish o'rniga, an'ana.[57] SES o'qituvchilarining barchasi ilg'or talabalar; hech kim to'lanmaydi. Kurslar falsafa, iqtisod, san'at, veda matematikasi va biznesdagi amaliy falsafa.[92] SES har yanvar, may va sentyabr oylaridan boshlab har xil 10 haftalik kurslarni o'rgatadi.[57]

Amaliy falsafa

SES Sharq va G'arb an'analaridan kelib chiqqan holda falsafani o'rgatadi. Akademik falsafa kurslaridan farqli o'laroq, "SES qadimgi o'quvchilarning falsafa maktabi kontseptsiyasiga yaqinroq bo'lib, unda talabalarga ma'lum bir falsafa yoki axloqiy turmush tarzi o'rgatiladi, ular o'zlarini butunlay o'zgartirishga intilishadi".[111]

Dunyo buyuk ta'limotlari barchasi bir xil markaziy haqiqatlarga ishora qiladi va donolik yaxshi hayotning kalitidir.[19] Ta'lim berish amrlariga asoslanadi Advaita Vedanta MacLaren tomonidan Svami bilan o'tkazilgan Hindistondagi intervyularidan tarjima qilingan, lentaga olingan va ko'chirilgan Shantanand Sarasvati (d.1997), hamkasbi Maharishi Mahesh Yogi,[27] 1961 yildan 1996 yilgacha.

Advaita so'zma-so'z "ikki emas" degan ma'noni anglatadi; vedanta yaratilish asosidagi bilimlarga ishora qiladi. Bularning barchasi birgalikda yaratilishdagi hamma narsaning muhim birligini va u paydo bo'ladigan manbani tushuntirish uchun aytiladi. SES Advaitani "biz dunyodagi ko'plab buyuk dinlar va falsafalar zamirida yotadigan umumiy falsafaning eng aniq va tizimli ifodasi" deb hisoblaydi.[121] Ikki tomonlama bo'lmagan falsafa qadimgi davrlardan kelib chiqadi vedik oyatlari tushuntirilgan Shankara. Ushbu ta'lim, uni zamonaviy asrga nisbatan kengayishi bilan birga Santanand Sarasvati, falsafa kursining asosidir.[122] Kurs printsip asosida ishlaydi, agar kundalik hayotda amalda qo'llanilmasa, o'qitish hech narsaga erishmaydi. Amaliyot orqali u oxir-oqibat tushunishga va o'z tabiatining bir qismiga aylanadi.[122]

SES veb-saytiga ko'ra, tashkilot va Advaita Vedanta o'rtasidagi munosabatlar quyidagicha rivojlangan:

Iqtisodiy fan maktabining dastlabki asoschisi janob Leon MacLaren birinchi bo'lib o'sha paytdagi Shankaracharya, Shantananda Saraswati bilan 1964 yilda uchrashgan va uning rahbarligida Londonda maktabni ishlab chiqqan. O'shandan beri Maktab va Shantananda Sarasvati o'rtasida muntazam muloqot bo'lib o'tdi. Ushbu suhbatlar Maktabni o'rganishning muhim qismiga aylandi va ushbu falsafaning mohiyatini anglatadigan ba'zi mavzular zal uchun ishlarning asosi bo'lishi kerakligi aniq bo'ldi. Advaita Vedanta falsafasi an'anaviy ravishda o'qituvchidan o'quvchiga og'zaki ravishda etkaziladigan, ko'plab hikoyalar, o'xshashliklar, misollar, tamoyillarni va boshqalarni o'z ichiga olgan ta'limdir. Hamma narsani ko'rsatish mumkin emas, lekin Waterperry loyihasi uchun tanlov qilingan ushbu falsafaning asosiy qoidalari.[93]

Kirish falsafasi kursi turli manbalardan, shu jumladan Bhagavad Gita, Upanishadlar, Injil, Aflotun, Marsilio Ficino, Hermes Trismegistus, Shekspir va Emerson.[123][124] Talabalar SES orqali rivojlanib borar ekan, ular chuqurroq haqiqatlarni o'rganmaydilar, balki birinchi kechada taqdim etilgan haqiqatni chuqurroq anglaydilar.[57]

SES "Mashq" deb ataydigan narsa uning amaliyotining asosiy elementidir; ko'rsatmalar tomonidan nashr etilgan Nyu-York Tayms.[18]

Ko'ngilli ish

A'zolar boshqa talabalar bilan va ular yashaydigan jamoalar uchun va ular uchun ko'ngilli ishlarni bajarishga da'vat etiladi. Shaxsiy mukofot va daromadsiz birodarlarga xizmat qilish tashkilotning haqiqatni izlash falsafasining muhim qismi hisoblanadi.[108][57]

Chekinishlar

SES poydevor kurslarini bitirgan talabalar uchun oromgohlarni o'tkazadi. Chiqib ketishda bunday talabalar ko'proq vaqt davomida o'rgangan narsalarini mashq qilish va o'qishni davom ettirishadi. Orqaga qaytish o'quvchilar o'zlarini falsafaga to'liq bag'ishlashlari uchun sharoit yaratadi.[53] Ularning uzunligi 2 dan 10 kungacha bo'lishi mumkin.[125]

Iqtisodiyot adolat bilan

SES, har bir insonga to'laqonli hayot kechirishga imkon beradigan shart-sharoitlarni kashf etish Iqtisodiyotning asl maqsadi ekanligini va "Ba'zi erkaklar mehnat qilmaydigan boshqalarni ushlab turish uchun ishlaydigan" hozirgi iqtisodiy vaziyat adolatsiz ekanligini aytmoqda.[43][126] Iqtisodiyot fani odatda Iqtisodiyotga matematik yondashuv sifatida qaraladi, ammo SES falsafasiga asoslangan boshqa ta'rifdan foydalanadi Advaita Vedanta.[127] "Iqtisodiy qonunlarga rioya qilishimiz va iqtisodiy kelishuvlardan adolatli natijalarga erishishni ta'minlashimiz sharti bilan hamma joyda odamlar uchun erkinlik va farovonlik mumkin" ekanligini ko'rsatishga qaratilgan to'rt yillik iqtisodiy kurs o'qitiladi.[43]

SES o'zining iqtisodiy nazariyalari va tamoyillarini 2013 yil "Iqtisodiyot fanlari" kitobida nashr etdi.[128][129] Bu yozma ravishda taqdim etdi Shotlandiya hukumati Mahalliy soliq islohoti bo'yicha komissiya,[130] The London assambleyasi London uchun er qiymatiga soliq solish bo'yicha so'rov[131] va Jamiyat palatasi, Uy-joy, jamoalar va mahalliy boshqaruv qo'mitasi er qiymatini olish to'g'risida.[132] Bu "deb ta'riflanganGeorgiy ",[133][134] ammo moliyaviy islohot va qarzlarni o'z ichiga olgan surishtiruv ishlarini Jorjdan tashqari kengaytirdi.[135]

Meditatsiya

SES a'zolari bilan tanishtiriladi meditatsiya va ma'lum bir mantrani berilgan; allaqachon boshlanganlar Transandantal meditatsiya texnikasi o'z mantrani saqlashga ruxsat beriladi. SES o'quvchilarni kuniga ikki marta 30 daqiqa davomida meditatsiya qilishga chorlaydi.[61][108][136][137][138] Talabalar bilan tanishtiriladi meditatsiya kursning ikkinchi yilida, undan so'ng muntazam ravishda mulohaza yuritish amaliyoti ta'limotda asosiy o'rinni egallaydi.[30][70] Oddiy narsa bor boshlash marosimi tashkilotning Amerika veb-saytlaridan biri tomonidan tasvirlangan:

Maktabda mantraning an'anaviy meditatsiya tizimi Falsafa asarlarini olgan barcha talabalar uchun, keyin esa Poydevor kurslari uchun taqdim etiladi. Muvozanatli va tik holatidadir bemalol o'tirgan holda, ong va tana faoliyati kuzatuv ostiga olinadi, so'ngra e'tibor mantraning ovoziga yo'naltirilganligi sababli tushib ketishiga yo'l qo'yiladi. Buning natijasida tinch sukunat tajribasi paydo bo'ladi. Harakatsiz qolish va mantraning ovozini tinglash talab qilinadigan narsa. Qolganlari tabiiy ravishda ochiladi. Meditatsiyaga kirish oddiy, obro'li marosim bilan belgilanadi. Talabalardan faqat Shimoliy Amerikada meditatsiya qilish uchun ishlatiladigan an'anaviy mevalar, gullar va pul sovg'alarini taqdim etishlari so'raladi. Kirishdan so'ng doimiy yordam yakkama-yakka darsliklar va sinf muhokamalari shaklida taklif etiladi.[139]

Meditatsiya boshlash meditatsiya amaliyotini boshlamoqchi bo'lgan o'qitilgan va tashabbuskorni o'z ichiga oladi. Tashabbuskor sanskrit tilida oyatlarni o'qiydi va mevalar va gullarning ramziy qurbonliklari keltiriladi. Tashabbuskordan faqat marosimga guvoh bo'lish uchun so'raladi va ishtirok etishni so'ramaydi. Bu mantraning ovozini "ko'tarish" uchun tashabbuskorning fikrini moslashtirish uchun qilingan. Marosim oxirida tashabbuskor jim bo'lib, mantrani ohanglay boshlaydi. Keyin tashabbuskorga mantrani va undan foydalanish bo'yicha ko'rsatma beriladi.[56]

Uyg'onish davri tadqiqotlari

Uyg'onish davri SES tomonidan olib borilgan tadqiqotlar bir nechta asarlarning nashr etilishiga olib keldi, shu jumladan tarjimalari Lotin ko'pchiligidan Marsilio Ficino harflar[140] Tarjimonlarga Klement Salaman rahbarlik qilgan.[141] SES a'zolari shuningdek asarlarini tarjima qildilar Hermes Trismegistus, kimdan keyin Hermetik falsafa nomlangan.[108][142]

SES a'zolari o'zlarining hissalarini qo'shdilar BBC 2005 yilda uyg'onish mavzusidagi dasturlar, osmon so'zining tarixiy ma'nosini va uning mumkin bo'lgan oqibatlarini keltirib chiqarmoqda.[143] va 2009 yilda ta'sirida Aflotun va Aristotel ustida Uyg'onish davri.[144]

Sanskrit tili

SES Buyuk Britaniyadagi sanskrit talabalarining eng katta qismini namoyish etadi.[145] Hozirda SES sanskrit tilini boshlang'ich darajadan IGCSE darajasiga o'rgatmoqda[146]

Ayurveda

SES manfaatdor shaxslar uchun norasmiy tarmoq markazi bo'lgan Ayurveda Biroq, u hech qachon rasmiy tashabbuslarni ilgari surmagan Ayurveda tibbiyoti. 1970-yillardan beri ba'zi taniqli ayurveda amaliyotchilari SES bilan bo'shashgan uyushmalarga ega.[71]

Ma'muriyat (Buyuk Britaniya)

Ishga qabul qilishni rag'batlantirish uchun kurs to'lovlari past darajada saqlanadi; ular tashkilot daromadlarining kichik bir qismidir, xayr-ehsonlar va vasiyatnomalar SESga muhim xususiyatlarga ega bo'lish imkoniyatini berdi.[32][34][35][36][37][33]

Donald Lambini "Fellowship" nomi bilan tanilgan SESning 230 kishilik boshqaruv organi tomonidan saylangan to'qqiz kishilik Ijroiya qo'mitasi qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.[22] Uning tarkibida 240 'oddiy a'zolar' va 41 'assotsiatsiya a'zolari' mavjud.[30] SES direktori - bu huquqshunos Yan Meyson[147][148] va BMTning Tabiat bilan uyg'unligi loyihasining global yordamchisi.[149]

Fellowship qoidalariga 6 ta ob'ekt kiradi[150] birinchisi va printsipi:

  1. Jamiyatdagi erkaklar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni tartibga soluvchi tabiiy qonunlarni va unga oid barcha tadqiqotlarni rivojlantirish va jamoatlar boshqaradigan qonunlarni urf-odatlari va amaliyotlarini o'rganishga ko'maklashish va u erda olib boriladigan barcha tadqiqotlar.

Iqtisodiyot falsafasi kursiga o'qishga kirgan har qanday shaxs Ijroiya Qo'mita tomonidan oddiy do'stlik a'zoligiga taklif qilinishi mumkin.[150]

Buyuk Britaniyada kurslar 50 ga yaqin shahar va shaharlarda o'tkaziladi.[57]

Waterperry uyi, Oksfordshir, Buyuk Britaniya

1972 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning SES filiali uni sotib oldi Waterperry mulk yilda Oksfordshir shu jumladan, uning bog'dorchilik biznesi, u SES uchun daromad olish uchun ishlashni davom ettirmoqda,[26][151][81] 1986 yilda Nanpantan zali Loughboro edi vasiyat qilingan ularga,[53][152] ular shuningdek Prestondagi Brinscall zaliga egalik qilishadi,[153] shuningdek, yana o'n bitta mulk huquqi va bitta uzoq muddatli ijara shartnomasi.[30] Bunga quyidagilar kiradi Mandevil joyi Londonda,[154] Stokportdagi Belmont uyi, Glazgodagi Park uyi. Boshqa mulklar London, Lids, Kroydon, Edinburg, Gildford va Kolchesterda joylashgan. 2005 yilda SES o'zining qasrlaridan birini sotdi, Sarum Chase yilda Xempstid, 9,3 million funt evaziga.[155]

2017 yilda Buyuk Britaniyaning xayriya komissiyasi tashkilotning daromadi 5,1 million funtni va sarf-xarajatlari 4,0 million funtni tashkil etganini ko'rsatmoqda. Tashkilotda shuningdek, 15,5 million funt sterlingga mo'ljallangan, 10,0 million funt sterling va boshqa aktivlarning 2,3 million funt sterlingi mavjud. Buyuk Britaniyaning 9 nafar ishonchli vakili, 98 xodimi, 500 nafar ko'ngillisi bor va uning faoliyat yo'nalishi Buyuk Britaniya sifatida ro'yxatlangan.[24] Repetitorlarning yarmidan bir oz ko'proq qismi va talabalarning yarmi ayollardir.[57] SES "faqat Buyuk Britaniya tashkiloti" deb ta'riflangan.[156]

Ikki ofis xodimlaridan tashqari, SESning barcha ishlari ixtiyoriy ravishda amalga oshiriladi.[57][43]

Dunyo bo'ylab operatsiyalar

Amaliy falsafa maktabi, Vellington, Yangi Zelandiya

SES - Advaita bilan bog'liq bo'lgan eng keng tarqalgan tashkilotlardan biri bo'lib, Buyuk Britaniyadagi kampuslardan tashqari, ularning aksariyati "Iqtisodiyot maktabi" deb nomlanadi, dunyo bo'ylab bir necha o'nlab birlashtirilgan filial tashkilotlari mavjud, ularning aksariyati "Maktab" deb nomlanadi. Amaliy falsafa yoki ushbu nomning ba'zi bir variantlari.[6][65] Birinchi shunday operatsiya yilda tashkil etilgan Vellington, Yangi Zelandiya 1957 yilda.[157] Boshqa manbalarda Kanadadagi SES kompaniyalari tomonidan nizomga olinganligi ko'rsatilgan Ontario notijorat tashkilot sifatida 1939 yilda.[158] Eng taniqli biri - amaliy falsafa maktabi Nyu-York shahri, 1964 yilda tashkil etilgan.[159][160] AQSh, Kanada, Venesuela, Avstraliya, Yangi Zelandiya, Janubiy Afrika, Trinidad, Belgiya, Kipr, Gretsiya, Gollandiya, Malta, Ispaniya, Irlandiya, Vengriya, Germaniya, Isroil, Fidji va Argentinadagi filiallar mavjud.[6][29][161][23][62]

Nyu-York filiali vakili doktor Monika Vekkioning so'zlariga ko'ra, SES va amaliy falsafa maktabi "bir xil nomlar bilan atalgan. Dunyo bo'ylab 70 yoki 80 ta filial mavjud. Ularning har biri bir xil o'quv dasturiga ega, mazmuni bir xil. Printsiplar bir xil, amaliyotlar bir xil, muhokamalar oqimi bir xil. "[5]

Tashkilotning filiali Amaliy falsafa maktabi 1964 yilda Nyu-York shahrida ochilgan.[162] Nyu-Yorkdagi inshoot 1964 yilda a foyda keltirmaydigan korporatsiya tomonidan ijaraga olingan Regents kengashi davlatining Nyu York. U 1982 yilda soliqlardan ozod qilingan maqomini oldi.[163][164][165] Uning filiallari bor Hudson vodiysi; Rochester, Nyu-York; Albani, Gruziya; Scottsdale, Arizona; Janubiy Florida; San-Fransisko; Boston; va holati Nyu-Jersi. Asosiy filial 12-chi 79-chi ko'chada joylashgan Manxetten. Qo'shimcha mulk mavjud Uolkill, Nyu-York, bir paytlar Marion Bordenga tegishli bo'lgan qasrda.[166] U sotib oldi Yuqori Sharqiy tomon 1975 yilda millioner Charlz Ogdenning uyi va 2014 yilda 51 million dollarga sotuvga qo'yilgan.[167] Ko'plab Nyu-Yorkliklar "Bu plakat sizni metroda boshqalarga qaraganda baxtliroq qilishi mumkin" va "barqaror" metrosidagi keng reklama tufayli "Amaliy falsafa maktabi" va "Falsafa ishlari" ning 10 haftalik poydevor kursidan xabardor. baxt ".[168][19][169] Falsafa asarlari seriyasi yiliga bir necha marta taqdim etiladi.[170] Aktyor Xyu Jekman tashkilot bilan 1993 yildan beri shug'ullanadi.[171][172]

Nashrlar va sharhlar

Tashkilot turli xil tavsiflangan: a "inson salohiyati harakati ",[156] aqliy tinchlikka erishish uchun "aql-idrok intizomi" ni taqdim etish sifatida[173] din, mazhab yoki yangi diniy harakat,[13][19][174][175] diniy bo'lmagan tashkilot sifatida,[176] yoki a platonik jamoat,[4] "Gurjieff fringe group" yoki neo-Gurdjieffian harakati,[46][177] kabi "Georgiy ".[133][134] Sharhlovchilar ta'kidlashlaricha, SES a'zolari uni din emas, aksincha falsafa deb bilishadi va ba'zi bir a'zolar oddiy cherkovlarga sodiq bo'lishlari mumkin.[178][63] SESning ta'kidlashicha, "Advaita din o'rnida turmaydi. Aksincha, diniy yo'nalishdagi Maktab o'quvchilarining ko'pchiligining fikriga ko'ra, u o'z dinlarini, nima bo'lishidan qat'iy nazar, kengaytirish va chuqurlashtirish imkoniyatiga ega. dinni tutmaydiganlar uchun bir xil darajada qadrli va ularga tegishli. "[121] Shantanand Sarasvati Adviaita tamoyillariga amal qilish uchun odamlarga diniy e'tiqodlarini o'zgartirishga hojat yo'qligini ta'kidladi.[179]

Jurnalistlar va mualliflarning sharhlari

1960 yillarning boshlarida ingliz buddist o'qituvchisi va yozuvchisi Sangharakshita (Dennis Lingvud), 20 yil Hindistonda bo'lganidan keyin Angliyaga qaytib keldi. Uning kitobi Oqimga qarshi harakat qilish SES a'zosi Terri Delamarening ushbu davrdagi tashkilotdagi tajribasi tavsiflarini o'z ichiga oladi. SES "Terri yig'ilishlarida eng ko'p qatnashadigan va ta'limotlarini eng jiddiy qabul qilgan tashkilot" deb ta'riflanadi. O'qitiladigan falsafa "ning qiziquvchan birlashmasi" deb ta'riflangan G'arbiy ezoterizm va brahminik Advaita Vedanta. "," Shuning uchun maktabning ta'limoti eklektik degani emas, etarlicha keng edi. Shuningdek, talabalar Sharq va G'arbning falsafiy va diniy klassiklarini o'qishga da'vat etildilar. Xususan, ular Platonni o'qishga da'vat etilgan ". Muallif, shuningdek, SES Motsart musiqasini, xususan, ongga ijobiy, ma'naviy ta'sir ko'rsatadigan deb hisoblaganini ta'kidlaydi. Lingvud" Iqtisodiyot maktabi bilan aloqa o'rnatgan , in fact, widened his (Delemare) intellectual horizons, and he had much to be thankful to it for".[68]

In 1983, the day before the Buyuk Britaniyaning umumiy saylovlari, reporters Peter Hounam and Andrew Hogg, writing in the London Evening Standard, alleged the SES was a cult infiltrating the Liberal Party.[57][180] They said it "enforced a severe diet, persecuted women and kept its members closed off from the outside world".[5] They also criticised the School of Economic Science's links to the Sent-Jeyms mustaqil maktablari for children in London and the discipline regime at the children's schools.[109][181] The articles were described by SES as "largely politically motivated".[46][180] SES leadership initially chose to ignore these allegations.[62]

In 1984, Hounam and Hogg wrote a book, Secret Cult, which said that the organisation aimed to establish psychological control over its members and had caused personality change, mental breakdown and divorce. They did not consider every SES member to be a cult member; they excluded, for example, the thousands that attend only the introductory courses and potentially those in the senior echelons that live normal lives; of concern was a group they called the 'lumpenproletariat ' who joined after the religious fervour of the 1960s and are "dependant on SES to make decisions in their lives".[182] They also said the SES was "penetrating the corridors of power" with particular links to the Liberal partiya, whose then chairman, Rojer Pincham, was an SES member.[182] The book contained a reply from Pincham disputing allegations, and also included interviews with ex-students who said they had gained much from their attendance. The authors commented that, in hiding from publicity, the School might have made secrecy its worst enemy.[182] Critics said the book contained errors and had a political agenda against the Liberal Party, which was undermined when it turned out that the spokesman for the SES, David Boddy, had been a press adviser to Conservative Party leader Margaret Thatcher.[46] Shaw (1994) said: "the more obvious conclusion" is that members might be "in the cult simply because they shared the elitist upper-middle-class professional values that the school espoused".[183]

Colin Slee, Provost ning Southwark sobori, who had contributed to the book and saw the organisation as a cult, in 1999 said he had shifted his attitude and saw it as a New Religious Movement o'rniga.[184]

Jurnalist Uilyam Shou wrote a 1994 book Spying in Guru Land: Inside Britain's Cults, in which he attended SES along with several other organisations. "In the whole colourfully eccentric splatter of cults, there has never been one as genteel, stiff-upper lipped and absurdly British as the School of Economic Science. In many ways, it's quite the strangest cult I join," Shaw said. He reported that during the introductory course he did not witness brainwashing and that the "...yearning dedication of those who stay, turning up week after week in their quest for the big answer to life, is somehow ignored by those in the anti-cult movement who try to tell us that behind the fluty-voiced Miss Crammond lurks a malicious agent of mind control." Characterising Leon MacLaren as authoritarian, he described a "regime of holy servitude - part Gurdjieffian discipline, part oriental mysticism, part Christian mysticism, part social snobbery". Shaw interviewed "Giles", a former SES tutor, who blamed SES for losing two relationships and that he "suffered a complete mental breakdown, during which he says he came very close to suicide." [183]

1994 yilda Diniy tadqiqotlar O'qituvchi Vulverhempton universiteti, Jorj Krissayd wrote: SES does not consider itself to be a religion, it runs classes in philosophy, "by which is meant Vedik falsafasi ", with some Christian and Esoteric elements, together with the practice of meditation. It is an exclusively British organisation.[156]

Yozish Mustaqil in 1995, in an article titled Philosophy for grown-ups, Hester Lacey described how a diverse group of 50 people attended a philosophy class at SES in London. Lacey listed the motivations of some of the participants including: "I started coming because I felt there had to be more to life", "You need to take care of your mind and soul", "The class is like being at a big, brilliant dinner party and not being stuck beside one person all evening","As an actor, the more I understand others, the better I can do my job", "I work in a hospital, and these classes are very much like the group therapy sessions we run". Lacey points out "None of the teachers is paid, and there are no exams; the pupils study simply for the enjoyment of the lessons."[185]

Sociologist of Religion, David V. Barrett, in his 2001 book Yangi imonlilar, based partly on interviews with David Boddy he described SES a not a religion, but at the heart of its teaching having a very distinctive philosophy which draws on elements of Christianity and esoteric origins and beliefs but is largely Eastern. The path of the SES is "a case of personal development rather than attaining knowledge". He points out SES follow the teaching of the Shankaracharyo because they say "his wisdom, which we have followed, works".[57]

Yozish Times in In 2008, journalist Richard Morrison, observes that SES was behind Oxfordshire arts festival, Art in Action. He states "I know people who have found the SES to be a helpful and entirely benign influence on their lives; and others who have encountered it and found it weird. Not for a moment do I expect Art in Action to be anything other than a showcase for high-quality craft skills."[186]

In 2010, Ariel Kiminer of The New York Times reported on her attendance of an introductory course at the School of Practical Philosophy, for which 400 people signed up. She said that passengers on the Nyu-York metrosi were familiar with its advertising placard which stated: "This poster can make you happier than any other". Attendees were "young immigrants and wizened retirees, pretty actresses and tired parents" and that it was touching that "...so many people from so many backgrounds join in the pursuit of wisdom". She said fellow attendees recounted the effect of the classes on their lives with candour and eloquence, and that the teaching was "not esoteric but practically conventional wisdom." After the initial meetings, attendance fell off considerably and she started to dread it; however whenever she would lose patience with the instruction, "one of the students would talk about incorporating these lessons into life, and the honesty and eloquence would win me over again." Commenting on allegations that it is a cult, she said: "If so, it must be an unsuccessful one: no one tried to sign me up for the next course, let alone get me to donate my earthly possessions." Kiminer stopped attending the course and doing 'The Exercise', and said: "I do still think about what I give my attention to, though. And I do still feel touched by the enthusiasm of the other students."[19]

In 2011, M. H. Miller of Nyu-York kuzatuvchisi considered the organisation's practices to be "obscure bordering on impenetrable", but also describes the central tenets as "through meditation, achievement of happiness and higher self-awareness–the school warns against the pollution of a scattered mind and cautions students to rid themselves of 'unnecessary thoughts'–and the belief in a universal connectedness that can be tapped into". Quoting former members found through internet forums, the article said that the organisation had caused divorce and child abuse and that its leadership had ingrained sexism and homophobia; also that the organisation seeks to "gain control over students by a slow process of conflating obedience to God with obedience to those who claim to know God–that is, S.E.S. and its "tutors.". The author says SES "follow a hierarchical structure in which students advance to new levels of study with money and time, but are not told the specifics of what awaits them when they do." On investigating the attendees to their programs the author notes room was a mix of races and fairly evenly split between men and women, most in their 40s. The author attended a philosophy class and found it to be sold out, the students motivation for attending included finding "Purpose in life. A higher level of understanding in my existence" and to "To learn how to live again"[5]

In his 2012 book Endi chalkashlik yo'q, Vedanta teacher and disciple of Nisargadatta, Ramesh S Baleskar, includes the accounts of a student of the School of Philosophy, the SES branch in Holland. The student had been at the group for 12 years and describes it as inviting and stimulating resulting in a "complete change in the way I looked at things".The philosophy course is described as involving a "lot of practising, exercises, meditation - a lot of volition", "there were some very clear experiences of peace of mind". His experiences led him to further explore Advaita.[187]

Uning 2013 yilgi kitobida Philosophy for Life: And other dangerous situations, Jules Evans said the SES relationship with an Indian guru was key to its development, because its members "like Aflotun himself, were trying to invent a religion." Describing the historical abuse of SES children confirmed in a 2006 report, he said that they often received no sympathy from their parents because of their membership of the "deeply hierarchical organization". He added that the day schools are today "apparently run a lot better now by professional teachers, attracting the children of well-to-do parents" and that there has been a shift towards the mainstream of society. Evans also reported that 18-year-old St. James School girls were introduced to older SES members at two specially arranged parties and that Principal Ian Mason and SES Leader Donald Lambie have both married former St. James girls; Evans said that the organisation wanted to encourage in-group marriage to preserve its values, Mason pointed out the women in question were adults in their 20s when married, nevertheless Mason admitted "It's a bit weird." Evans concluded, "I personally don't think SES is a 'secret cult'. It has lost its charismatic and authoritarian Leader. Its membership is declining", "SES seems to me to be an interesting experiment, an interesting attempt to turn Eastern and Western ancient philosophy into a genuine community and way of life".[4] In 2012, he said SES is "a neo-platonic sect which tries to bring its members closer to a divine union" similar to the communities created by Plato and Pythagoras that had the aim of completelytransforming personalities, "close to what we would think of today as religious cults".[188]

In 2019, a writer for Xulosa enrolled in the School of Practical Philosophy introductory course. She reported that "There was something surreal about leaving work on Thursday evening and taking the subway to a mansion where I would be told a bunch of weird lies." U o'qidi Secret Cult midway through the course and commented that "it was hard to square its horror stories with the SPP, which, like a lot of Americanised British things, wasn’t quite as compelling as the original." The reviewer opined that it seemed strange the SPP had so much money and attributed it to low overhead. She observed that "teachers are unpaid, students perform custodial work, and the SPP owns its own building."[189]

Comments from members and ex-members

In 1963, writing in Land & Liberty, A J Carter describes coming "into contact with one of the most important influences on my development" at SES. The economics program introduced him to, er-qiymat solig'i va Taraqqiyot va qashshoqlik, by which "a vital seed was sown, but it was not yet to flower". The philosophy course he describes as "directly and indirectly, altered my whole outlook on the deepest aspects of life."[190]

On 26 May 1982, Rojer Pincham, who had been a member since 1955,[122] ga xat yozdi Kechki standart challenging criticisms made by Hounam and Hogg. He said that an account based on the views of a few disaffected former or current students, or on reporters’ attendance at programs on two or three occasions, could not present a balanced view. He said that thousands of students have attended the program over the preceding four decades and most have gathered great value from doing so. He added that the authors had mischaracterised the relationship between SES, the independent day schools founded by some of its members, and the Liberal Party, suggesting that the journalists had distrusted the organisation simply because it was "new and rather unusual".[191]

Commenting on the book Secret Cult, SES member and author Brian Hodgkinson responded to its allegation that the program encourages "destroying the personality". He said that description conceals the actual focus of the teaching, which is to free the mind from the limitations imposed by the ego. He added that "of course, no actual force was used. The whole teaching of the school is word of mouth. Anyone can walk away from a School meeting or event at any time. Some do!"[192]

Hodgkinson later wrote a history of the SES called In Search of Truth: The Story of the School of Economic Science, published in 2010. It included details of its economic and philosophical thought, and examination of positive and negative aspects of the organisation. In response to reports that some people had become emotionally disturbed while attending the program, he pointed out that such cases may have been caused by "outside circumstances, such as family relationships or careers" or pre-existing mental health problems. He added, "When they sought help from help from School tutors, the advice given may sometimes have exacerbated the situation, but there have been a great deal more cases where tutors' help has been much appreciated."[193]

2019 yilda aktrisa Emili Uotson spoke of her upbringing in SES, which she described as "a quasi-religious organisation/cult" where people are "taught to think a certain way about the world, and about yourself, that is very denigrating to the individual and to women."[194] When Watson took the role for To'lqinlarni sindirish (1996) the SES "told me to go on my undignified way," which she said she found "terribly painful" but didn't tell anyone, only confiding in her co-star of that film about it in 2018.[194] She said that she drew from her SES experience for Chernobil in that it explores the resistance to a dogmatic culture: "I related very strongly to that; being within a system where you were supposed to think a certain way and you weren’t really allowed to think any other way. And breaking out of that is a very, very powerful release in your life."[195] In 2014 she described the SES central teaching of Advaita Vedanta as "a kind of spiritual communism where everyone is one and the same... which in principle is great but [it was] an organisation that had a lot of problems." At its day school, she said children were treated with "a sort of emotional cruelty that was utterly out of place in a place of education that purports to be based on love and understanding."[196] In 2020 she describes SES members as believing “that they are in the one true light and everybody else is in the darkness” and knows “the effect that that has on people’s sense of power and self-worth”.[117]

In her 2002 book, Nothing Left Over: A Plain and Simple Life, Tionette Lippe, who attend SES in London and New York, describes how she remained in this organisation for a "considerable number of years, studying the philosophy of many of the world’s great traditions, and what I heard and put into practice there laid the groundwork for the rest of my life". Her own philosophy of wanting to be of service to other people and share with them whatever has comes her way, to live so that supply does not exceed demand or consumption; and to trust that the universe will respond to you in the same way that you respond to it, is of no surprise as she "began my training at a place called the School of Economic Science!".[197]

2006 yilgi intervyusida Opra Uinfri, aktyor Xyu Jekman said he had been a member of the School of Practical Philosophy since 1991. He said, "now I meditate twice a day for half an hour. In meditation, I can let go of everything. I'm not Hugh Jackman. I'm not a dad. I'm not a husband. I'm just dipping into that powerful source that creates everything."[198] Bilan 2010 yilgi intervyusida GQ Avstraliya, Jackman said: "Really, the spiritual pillar for me has become the School of Practical Philosophy. I'm a regular attendee there and I suppose that has become my church."[199] Jackman has stated he is a devout Christian, active in his local Anglikan church, but in addition to following this religion he meditates every day and also follows the School of Economic Science,[200] stating "I just find the evangelical church too, well, restrictive. But the School of Practical Philosophy is nonconfrontational", "We believe there are many forms of scripture", "What is true is true and will never change, whether it's in the Bible or in Shakespeare. It's about oneness. Its basic philosophy is that if the Buddha and Krishna and Jesus were all at a dinner table together, they wouldn't be arguing. There is an essential truth. And we are limitless." Jackman has attended SES branches in the US and Australia[201][202][203][204][205]

Author of the 2007 book, There’s No More Dying Then, Stephanie Wilson a maslahatchi Gistopatolog da St Mary's Hospital London, was confirmed into the Church of England at an early age and saw Christianity as a good thing. However, during her career as a junior doctor, doubts started to arise and she found her faith did not answer fundamental questions such as "who am I?" or "why am I here?". The exploration of eastern philosophy shed new light on what faith is, and illuminated what she already knew about Christianity. Wilson says "the effect on me of further exploration of the words of the wise opened the heart and brought light to my mind".[206]

Uning 2009 yilgi kitobida Ichidagi kuch, MacLaren's secretary Dorine Tolley wrote: "The philosophy course he (MacLaren) had developed over the years had slowly become a life-changing method with all its consequences. The advertisements were not explicit enough and did not indicate that one’s habitual patterns of life would come under scrutiny.". "In spite of attempts to malign Leon MacLaren and his methods his critics were vastly outnumbered by his supporters and none of the sceptics have ever been able to explain why so many thousands of discerning people flocked to the school".[26]

In July 2012, political advertiser Jeremy Sinclair CBE, raisi M&C Saatchi aytdi Baraban that outside of work, his other passion is teaching at the SES. "The philosophy that I teach is to be useful, and not just about mind expanding," he said. He added that it has "heavily influenced" his book, Brutal Simplicity of Thought.[207] Uning hamkasbi Tim Bell thought SES gave Sinclair a sense of equilibrium, keeping him well enough balanced that he never got affected by blowups at the agency.[208]

in 2013, Martha Dewing, raised Episkopal, now an Interfaith Minister, said studying Advaita Vedanta at the School of Practical Philosophy in New York changed the way she saw her inherited faith. Stating "It opened me up and broadened my perspective" and "I see a bigger Jesus. I see what he meant rather than what they say he said.". Dewing's two primary spiritual practices are mantra meditation twice a day, and a heartfelt practice of gratitude.[209][210]

Comments from SES

In 2011, invited by a reporter to reply to allegations that SES and its branches are a cult, spokeswoman Monica Vecchio said: "I've known Mr MacLaren for many years," referring to SES leader Leon MacLaren. "I met him when I was a very young woman in my 20s. For anybody to call anything Mr MacLaren started a cult is just ridiculous. I've never met a man who was more a man in the greatest sense of the word than Mr MacLaren was."[5]

In 2012 David Boddy, former SES spokesman and Thatcher press secretary, describes MacLaren as "my first mentor" and "my first real teacher", "He knew things others didn’t appear to know, and he was totally fearless when it came to proclaiming them. He couldn’t abide ‘experts’ or religion but he did believe that humankind could be lifted out of its torpor and misery by the power of philosophy, or love of wisdom.". He said "the London Evening Standard sought to brand MacLaren a 'cult leader' because of his Indian connections.", the book led to "severe misunderstanding, and in some cases libel and slander". He points out that "the School of Economic Science, which has never had a political or religious agenda; it is, in fact, a rather interesting, if somewhat pedantic, philosophical school in the classical Platonic tradition."[180][57]

According to the SES's 2013 website, its critics "greatly misrepresent the aims and activities of the School, but they have alerted it to the need to provide more information about the way its courses and associated activities progress."[211]

SES representative Ian Mason responded to criticism in Jules Evans’ 2013 book. He said: "The idea is not to break down the ego for the sake of it, but rather to put you in touch with yourself, to help you distinguish what's real or not, and to nourish and strengthen the mind. But perhaps there was too unquestioning an attitude to the leader in those earlier years. People took things that MacLaren said and applied them without intelligence." About the parties reported by Evans, Mason said, "The balls were a response to requests from young women for opportunities to meet some eligible young men in the SES and were pretty innocent occasions. I should emphasise that there was no coercion involved."[4] Bilan 2013 yilgi intervyusida Amerika Ovozi Mason stated that life is a voyage of discovery and deepening understanding and the courses are designed to support this. The participants are the judges as to the successes of the programs, no certifications are offered, the aim is to liberate people. It's really about being the best kind of person you can be, knowing your potential.[127]

Taniqli a'zolar

Notable current members include M&C Saatchi rais Jeremy Sinclair CBE,[212] aktyor Xyu Jekman,[199] and Canadian entrepreneur Douglas Freeman.[213] Notable former members include Actress Emili Uotson va muallif Laura Wilson, both of whom were brought up in the SES by their parents;[214] David Boddy, former matbuot kotibi ga Margaret Tetcher;[180][57] va Richard Stokes, siyosatchi.[25]

SES Publications

  • Letters of Marsilio Ficino Vol 1[215] - Vol 10[216]
  • Reminders, Extracts from Lectures by Leon MacLaren[217]
  • Self Illumination, a translation of Sri Sankara Acarya's Svaatmaprakasikaa[218]
  • The Teaching of Reality: A Translation of Shankara's Tattvopadesha[219]
  • The Eternal Way: An English translation of Sadacaranusandhanam, attributed to Sankara[220]
  • Reflections of Brahman: Brahmanucintanam, Sri Sankara Acarya, a new translation[221]
  • The Teachings of Astavakra[222]
  • London Language Lectures 2009-2012[223]
  • Leon MacLaren: Reminders[217]
  • Music: The Foundations of Harmony[224]
  • Nature of Society[225]
  • Justice - The transcript of a lecture delivered on 19 December 1951 by Leon MacLaren.[226]
  • One World One Wealth - Exploring the Possibilities of Economics with Justice[227]
  • Dialectic - Five principles are presented using the Platonic Dialogues
  • The Dhatupatha of Panini, Practical Aid for the Study of Sanskrit Dhatus[228]
  • Sanskrit Dictionary Page-Finder
  • Sanskrit for Philosophy Students Vol 1 -3
  • The Laws of Manu, a new translation.[229]
  • Nine Vedic Prayers and the Alphabet (CD)
  • Sounds of Sanskrit (CD)
  • Isha Upanishad (CD), Music performed by School Choir and Orchestra
  • His Holiness Sri Shantananda Saraswati on Love (CD)
  • HIs Holiness Shantananda Saraswati & Mr. MacLaren (CD)
  • Going Home (DVD)
  • Philosophy for Life (DVD)

Shuningdek qarang

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