Otlarning farovonligi - Horse welfare

U ochlik paytida uni himoya guruhi qutqardi.

Otlarning farovonligi hayot va foydalanish uchun maqbul shartlarni tavsiflashga yordam beradi xonakilashtirilgan otlar, boshqalarning ixtiyoriy yoki majburiy bo'lmagan harakatlari natijasida paydo bo'ladigan azob-uqubatlardan farqli o'laroq jismoniy zo'ravonlik, buzish, e'tiborsiz qoldirish yoki yomon munosabatning boshqa shakllari. Yaqinda otlarning farovonligi va ularni suiiste'mol qilish haqida bahslar bo'lib o'tdi. O'n to'qqizinchi asrda, ish paytida o'layotgan otni ko'rish odatiy hol bo'lganida, ongning birinchi to'lqini Hayvonlarga nisbatan shafqatsizlikning oldini olish jamiyati va romanning nashr etilishi Qora go'zallik Angliyada. Frantsiya ham 1850 yilda otlarni himoya qilish bo'yicha Frantsiya Ligasi tashkil etilishi va Grammont to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilishi bilan ergashdi. Shu kabi hayvonlar farovonligi masalasi Qo'shma Shtatlarda rivojlandi. Kelgusi asrda munozara Shimoliy Amerika va Evropada, xususan urush paytida ot kabi otlardan foydalanish ishlaydigan hayvonlar shahar ko'chalarida, sport mashg'ulotlari, ot so'yish va shartlari ot boqish va saqlash. Qo'shma Shtatlarda yara ning o'tishiga olib keldi 1970 yilgi otlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun va turli tashkilotlar ichidagi huquqbuzarliklarga qarshi norozilik bildirdi ot poygasi va rodeo. Yigirma birinchi asrning boshlarida ushbu masalalar jamoatchilik e'tiborida qoldi va yangi qarama-qarshiliklar paydo bo'ldi, ayniqsa, o'qitish usullari haqida Rollkur, sohasidagi muammolar chidamlilik minish, barqaror qamoqqa olish va mavjudlik aravakash otlar kabi zamonaviy shaharlarda Nyu York.

Otga nisbatan "farovonlik" ta'rifi murakkabdir. Otlar juda sokin va ozgina noqulaylik belgilarini ko'rsatadi, bu og'riqni aniqlashni ayniqsa qiyinlashtiradi. G'arbiy dunyodagi nazariyotchilar bir vaqtlar otni og'riqni his qilish qobiliyatiga ega emas deb hisoblashgacha borishgan. Ot, shuningdek, loyihalashtirilgan ijodkor jonzotdir evolyutsiya ko'p vaqtini tabiiy sharoitda yaylovga sarflash. Otlar rivojlanadi stereotipik izolyatsiya qilingan holda, o'tlatishga qodir bo'lmaganda yoki otxonada uzoq muddat qamoqqa olinishida xatti-harakatlar va boshqa muammolar.

The Xalqaro ot sporti federatsiyasi (FEI) hozirda ma'lum bir maxsus o'qitish usullarini taqiqlaydi poling va Rollkur, bir nechta mamlakatlar kabi, xususan Shveytsariya. Ko'pgina davlatlar otlarni o'z ichiga olgan amaliyotlardan himoya qilish uchun turli qonunlarni qabul qildilar quyruqni ulash, haddan tashqari uzoq vaqt davomida transport va ot poygalarida yoki boshqa ot sporti musobaqalarida sun'iy yordamlar taqiqlarga yoki milliy yoki Evropaning cheklovlariga bog'liq. Qassobxonalarga etkazib berish tartibga solinadi. Otlarning farovonligi bo'yicha tadqiqotlar ko'payganligi kabi yangi amaliyotlar tabiiy otchilik, yalangoyoq tuyoqni parvarish qilish va hatto minishdan bosh tortish rivojlandi. Bular otning farovonligi uchun katta tashvish kelajakda ham davom etishidan dalolat beradi.

Tarix

Ot o'ldiradigan sahna, tomonidan Jozef Strutt. Ot bir nechta itning hujumiga uchraydi

Otni xonakilashtirish odamzodga ushbu hayvondan turli xil ishlarda foydalanishga imkon berdi: mehnat, transport, urush ... Ot o'z foydasini yo'qotgandan so'ng, uni so'yish va odamlar uchun ovqatga aylantirish mumkin edi.^[1] Antispesistik nuqtai nazardan ham, qullikdagi turlarni ishchi sifatida rivojlantirish. Pyer Enoffning ta'kidlashicha, dunyo miqyosida bu holat odam va hayvon o'rtasidagi simbiyotik munosabatlardan farqli o'laroq, otga qamoqqa o'xshash sharoitlarni keltirib chiqaradigan qullikka o'xshashdir.^[2] Italiyalik etnolog Serxio Dalla Bernardina otning holatini odamlarning bir qismining "xo'jayin" bo'lish va tirik mavjudotlarga zulm qilish istagi bilan izohlaydi. "To'liq bo'ysunishni yaxshi ko'radiganlar itlarni yoki otlarni afzal ko'rishadi. Yengil itoat qilishni afzal ko'rganlar mushuklarni tanlaydilar".^[3] Otlarni jarohatlash, jarohatlash va o'ldirish (guvoh qurbonliklar, ot so'yish, otni o'lja va ayg'ir janglarini tashkil etish) dunyoning ko'plab mintaqalarida keng hujjatlashtirilgan. Otlar tez-tez jang maydonida o'ldirilgan, markalangan, tez tan olinishini osonlashtirish uchun quloqlariga kesilgan. ulangan dumini jabduqqa tiqilib qolishining oldini olish uchun 17-asrdan boshlab (dumlari kesilgan).^[4] Shu bilan birga, ushbu davolash bilan bir qatorda ko'plab misollar bilan hayvon uchun ot bilan odamning o'zaro ta'siri o'zaro rivojlanadi ibodat qilish. Otni hibsga olish, o'zlarini boqish zarurligini anglatadi. Olim Devid V.Reymi nuqtai nazaridan odam bilan ot munosabati ikkala turga ham foydali bo'lgan.^[5]

Atlarning farovonligini kontseptsiya sifatida ko'rib chiqish tarixda yaqinda mavjud. G'arbning hayvonlarning diniy va falsafiy kontseptsiyasi uzoq vaqt davomida ularning nazariyasiga rioya qilgan holda og'riq hissi borligini rad etib kelgan hayvon mashinasi tomonidan tasvirlangan Rene Dekart 17-asrda. Biroq, o'sha davrdagi islomiy tsivilizatsiya otga nisbatan hurmatni kuchaytirar edi, chunki ular (boshqa narsalar qatori) o'zlarining xo'jayinlari chodirlarida tunash imkoniyati mavjud edi.^[6] 21-asrning boshlarida otni asosan biologlar (va umuman olam olami) "aqlli mavjudot" deb tan olishdi. Endi hissiyotga jalb etilishi tufayli ko'plab madaniyatlar tomonidan ot idealizatsiya qilingan.^[7] Ushbu evolyutsiya 20-asr o'rtalaridan boshlab hayvonlarni himoya qilish harakati bilan butun G'arb jamiyatining hamjamiyatiga hamohang bo'lib, ularning individualligini ko'proq tan oldi. Odatdagidek xato - bu otlarning farovonligini oshirish borasidagi taraqqiyot axloqiy va ilmiy mulohazalardan kelib chiqadi. Aslida, bu yutuqlar deyarli faqat faollar va keng jamoatchilik talablaridan kelib chiqqan.^[8]

19-asr

Angliya

Otlarning sabablari to'g'risida birinchi tushuncha 18-asrning oxirida Angliyada paydo bo'ldi. Otlarni suiiste'mol qilishni taqiqlovchi qonun 1820-yillarda taklif qilingan, ammo qabul qilinmagan.^[9] The Hayvonlarga nisbatan shafqatsizlikning oldini olish jamiyati hayvonlarning azoblanishiga javoban 1824 yilda Londonda yaratilgan. Uning logotipi otini urgan odamni jazolash uchun kelgan farishtani anglatadi.^[10]

Roman Qora go'zallik, 1877 yilda Viktoriyaning Angliyasida nashr etilgan bo'lib, otlarning farovonligini ta'minlashga qaratilgan birinchi asar sifatida tanilgan.^[11] Uning o'ziga xosligi, o'zlarining kundalik azoblarini aytib beradigan bir nechta otlarga avtobiografiya shaklida ovoz berishdir.^[12] Bu otlarning sababi to'g'risida kuchli xabardorlikni oshiradi. Muallif, Anna Syuell, hayvonlarni himoya qilishda o'zini vaqtidan oldinroq ko'rsatmoqda: uning romani katakchalar, miltillaganlar va dumlarni bog'lashga qarshi turadi. Ameli Tsaag Valrenning so'zlariga ko'ra, roman "shaharda otning yo'q bo'lib ketishini o'ziga xos tarzda shakllantiradi. Anna Syuell shuni ko'rsatadiki, og'riq va qayg'uni his qiladigan go'sht va qondan iborat bu hayvon shahar sharoitida va London sanoat jamiyati "deb nomlangan.^[13] Roman nashr etilgandan keyin Angliyada munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi. Vaqt o'tishi bilan u eng yaxshi sotuvchiga aylandi.^[14] Nashr qilinganidan besh oy o'tgach vafot etgan Anna Syuell maqsadi bu mamlakatda otlarning sonini ko'paytirish ekanligini tasdiqladi. Natija uning kutganidan ham oshib ketdi, chunki roman AQShda otlar azob-uqubatlari sharoitida nashr etilishi ushbu mamlakatda munozaralarni avj oldirishga imkon berdi. Romanning ko'plab tarjimalari hatto Evropaning boshqa joylarida munozaralarga sabab bo'ldi.

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari

1880 yilda chop etilgan Amerika bosma nusxasi, aravachalarni boshqarish orqali aravachalarni boshqarishni maslahat bergan elektr toki urishi.

Amerika hujjatlari, ayniqsa, avtobus va tramvay kompaniyalarida suiiste'mol qilishga olib keladigan otlarni ekspluatatsiya qilishning bir nechta holatlari bilan bog'liq.^[15] Ushbu otli transport vositalarida ko'pincha haddan tashqari yuk ko'tarilgan va ularni tortib olgan otlar kaltaklangan va og'ir mehnatga duchor bo'lgan.^[16]

Otlarga yomon munosabatda bo'lishning dastlabki ta'riflari oziq-ovqat va parvarishlardan voz kechishga va ularni urish harakatlariga asoslangan edi.^[17] The Nyu-York sudlari 1829 yilda hayvonlarni (ot kabi) o'ldirgan yoki qasddan qiynoqqa solganlarni jazolaydigan qonunni nashr etgan ushbu sohada kashshof bo'lganlar. Nyu-Jersi shtati sudi 1858 yilda otini urib o'ldirgan odamning ishini ko'rib chiqdi, ammo xulosa qildi u yaratgan jamoat tomoshasi muammosiga qaramay, o'z otini urish noqonuniy emas edi.^[18] 1860 yilda Pensilvaniya otlarni urganlarni 200 yoshdan jarimaga tortdi, bu esa 7 yoshgacha bolalarini urgan onalarga nisbatan ikki baravar ko'p. Ot o'g'irlanishi va boshqalarning hayvonlarini buzish jiddiy jazolandi, bu moliyaviy va ijtimoiy sabablarni aks ettirdi. Otni jiddiy sababsiz urish noto'g'ri va yaxshi axloqqa zid deb hisoblangan, ammo hayvon sezgan azob-uqubatlar hisobga olinmagan.^[19] O'z otlariga yomon munosabatda bo'lganlarni jazolash zudlik bilan kun tartibiga kiritilmagan edi, chunki qonun faqat otni yomon niyat bilan kaltaklaganini isbotlagan taqdirda qo'llanilishi mumkin edi.^[20] Hayvonlarni qiynoqqa solish tushunchasi 19-asrning oxirida Amerika qonunchiligida otlarining tuyoqlariga kislota surtgan odam bilan bog'liq holda kiritilgan.^[21] Ushbu tendentsiyani, shuningdek, otlarini haddan tashqari ekspluatatsiya qilishda ayblangan omnibus egalari bilan bog'liq sud jarayonlari ham tasdiqladi.^[22]

Frantsiya

19-asrning boshlarida, ayniqsa, er davridagi otlarga nisbatan yomon muomala odatiy hol edi Iyul Monarxiyasi. "Trooper kabi qasam ichish" iborasi, qamchini tezda ishlatib, otlariga qichqirgan ko'ngli sovigan aravachalarni nazarda tutgan. Ot jabduqda yiqilib tushganda, aravakash tez-tez uni oshqozonga tekkizib turishga urindi. Ko'chaning o'rtasida, ishda charchashdan otlar ko'pincha vafot etgan. Ko'p manbalar, shu jumladan 1838 yilda yozilgan Viktor Gyugoning she'ri, ish otlarini ommaviy ravishda suiiste'mol qilishning keng tarqalishini namoyish etdi. Kapitalizmning kuchayishi shafqatsiz munosabatda bo'lishga olib keldi, ayniqsa, ishlamaydigan otlar knakerga yuborildi. Bu otlar foydasiz deb hisoblanib, ba'zida otishdan oldin bir necha kun kutishgan va natijada ochlikdan yoki chanqadan o'lgan. Burjua va badavlat otlarning ishchi otlari holati o'rtasidagi bu qarama-qarshilik frantsuz jamiyatida noqulayliklarni keltirib chiqardi. 1845 yilda otlarni suiiste'mol qilishdan himoya qilish uchun Société Protectrice des Animaux tashkil etildi. Sobiq otliq zobit Jak Filipp Delmas de Grammont 1850 yilda otni himoya qilish bo'yicha ligani tashkil qildi va shu yili uning nomini olgan qonunni qabul qilishga yordam berdi, hayvonlarni qasddan suiiste'mol qilishni taqiqladi. Biroq, asrning oxirida Frantsiyada Grammont qonuniga zid bo'lgan buqa kurashi (xususan, ot churrasi) bo'yicha bahslar boshlandi.

Boshqa mamlakatlar

1885 yilda Lev Tolstoy o'zining hikoyasini nashr etdi "Strider "Surveyor ismli piebald ot tomonidan rivoyat qilingan. U krakerni, jabduq ostidagi boshlanishini va yugurish qobiliyatini, xaker qo'lida qonli o'limigacha aytib beradi.

20-asr

20-asrning ikkinchi yarmida yozgi tarixning boshqa davrlariga qaraganda otlar farovonligini anglashda ko'proq o'zgarishlar yuz berdi.^[8] Ga binoan Jan-Per Digar, otlarga munosabat haqida xabardorlik hurmatdan chinakam muhabbatga o'tib, yangi muammo tug'dirdi. Yomon muomalani ilgari otlarni jismoniy ekspluatatsiya qilganlar qilgan bo'lsa, 20-asr hayvonlarning ehtiyojlarini bilmaslik tufayli yomon munosabatlarni tug'dirdi, chunki har kim bo'sh vaqt o'tkazish uchun ot egasiga aylanishi mumkin edi. Jan-Pyer Digard, shuningdek, ot sportining feminizatsiyasi ushbu hodisaning rivojlanishiga katta hissa qo'shgan deb o'ylardi.

Dockingga qarshi harakat

Asr boshida Qo'shma Shtatlarda dock-ga qarshilik paydo bo'ldi, chunki avtomobillar asosiy transport vositasi sifatida otlarni almashtirdilar. Dastlabki davlat qonunlari bu amaliyotni taqiqlash uchun yaratilgan bo'lib, u shafqatsiz va foydasiz deb ta'kidlaydi, chunki u otni hasharotlarni dumi bilan haydashga to'sqinlik qiladi.^[4] Ushbu amaliyot bir necha mamlakatlarda asta-sekin taqiqlangan yoki qat'iyan rad etilgan. Frantsiya tashabbusi bilan 1996 yilda foydalanish imkoniyatini cheklab qo'ydi Brigit Bardot. Filipp Vasseur "hayvonlarga nisbatan odob-axloq kodeksini tatbiq etishga qaratilgan qator tadbirlar" ni tasdiqladi.^[23]

So'yishga qarshi harakatlar

Odamlarni iste'mol qilish uchun otlarni so'yish tobora ko'payib borayotgan tanqidning maqsadi bo'ldi. 1910-yillarda frantsuzlar uchun bu odat odat bo'lgan bo'lsa, asrning ikkinchi yarmida u kamaydi. Ingliz tilida so'zlashadigan dunyoda oziq-ovqat taqiqi ot go'shtiga ta'sir ko'rsatdi.

Angliyada otlarni qo'llab-quvvatlash harakati asrning boshlarida o'zining birinchi buyuk faoli Ada Koul paydo bo'ldi. U go'shti uchun so'yish uchun Belgiyaga eksport qilinishidan oldin butun umri davomida ekspluatatsiya qilingan britaniyalik ishchi otlarning ta'siriga tushib, 1927 yilda Xalqaro Otlarni himoya qilish ligasini yaratdi. U muvaffaqiyatli ravishda jonli inglizlarni eksport qilishni taqiqlashni qo'llab-quvvatladi. o'n yildan keyin go'sht uchun otlar. U asos solgan guruh, qayta nomlandi Jahon otlarining farovonligi, dunyo bo'ylab otlarni himoya qilish bo'yicha kampaniyani davom ettirmoqda. 1947 yilda Britaniya otlar jamiyati uning vazifalari orasida otni (farovonlikni) himoya qilish bilan tashkil etilgan. Biroq, asrning o'rtalarida otlarni himoya qilishning buyuk namoyandasi amerikalik edi Velma Bronn Jonston, "Yovvoyi Ot Enni" deb nomlangan. 1912 yilda tug'ilgan, 1950 yilda u ko'chmanchilar bosimi ostida mustang va yovvoyi eshaklarning ko'chirilishi va so'yilishini to'xtatish uchun tashviqot boshladi. Uning so'zlariga ko'ra, uning majburiyati u yo'lda, so'yish joyiga yo'l olgan mustang qoni bilan tomchilab ketayotgan yuk mashinasini topgan kundan boshlab paydo bo'lgan. 1959 yilda uning faoli Amerika hukumatini davlatga qarashli erlarda mustanglarni so'yishni taqiqlovchi qonun chiqarishga undadi. Ushbu g'alabani etarli emas deb hisoblagan Velma Bronn Jonson 1971 yilda Yovvoyi erkin yuruvchi otlar va Burros to'g'risidagi qonunni qabul qilishga muvaffaq bo'ldi. Richard Nikson, bu mustanglarga har qanday noto'g'ri munosabatni taqiqlaydi.

Aksincha, Avstraliyada 18-asrning oxirida ko'chmanchilarning ehtiyojlari va eshaklariga javoban kiritilgan mahalliy yovvoyi otlar bilan bog'liq qonunlar qabul qilinmadi. 1980 yildan 2013 yilgacha ushbu hayvonlarni vertolyotlardan so'yish ko'plab hayvonlarni himoya qiluvchilarning g'azabiga sabab bo'ldi. Brumbilarning go'shti itlardan ovqat tayyorlash uchun ishlatilgan. Uzoq tirik qon, G'arbda uchrashish uchun so'yilgan otlar endi azob chekishlariga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun asirga solingan avtomat bilan hayratda qolmoqdalar. Biroq, 1983 yilda Brigit Bardot Polshaning so'yish joylariga otlarni tashish shartlari jamoatchilikka ma'lum bo'lib, shov-shuvga sabab bo'ldi. 1990-yillardan beri ko'pchilik chavandozlar joylashgan ot sporti markazlari mijozlarini yo'qotishdan qo'rqib, so'yish joylariga otlar yuborilishini yashirgan. Zo'rlangan otlarni yoki so'yish joylariga qayta sotish xavfi ostida bo'lganlarni qutqarish bo'yicha birinchi markazlar o'sha davrda yaratilgan. Frantsiyada 1980 yildan 2001 yilgacha go'sht uchun otlarni so'yish 60 foizga kamaydi.

Buqalar bilan kurash

Ispaniyada buqalar kurash maydonlarida otlarni tez-tez evakuatsiya qilish majbur bo'ldi Migel Primo de Rivera 1928 yilda peto deb nomlangan himoya pelerinidan foydalanishni majburlash. Keyinchalik buqalar kurashiga qarshilik keskin pasayib ketdi. 1932 yilda, Ernest Xeminguey yozgan Peshindan keyin o'lim, bu otlarni o'ldirishning himoyasiz tomonlarini o'z zamondoshlari nuqtai nazaridan tasvirlaydi, garchi u o'zi ularni kulgili deb bilgan bo'lsa.

1970 yilgi otlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun

Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlarida hayvonlarning insonparvarlik assotsiatsiyasi 1940-yillarda g'arbliklarning filmlarini suratga olish paytida ko'plab otlarning o'limiga qarshi turish uchun tashkil etilgan. Fikr harakati (asosan faollar tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan) otlarga nisbatan ko'plab amaliyotlarning shafqatsizligini qoraladi: qattiq bitlardan foydalanish, haydash ekinlaridan ortiqcha foydalanish, elektr toki urishi bilan mashg'ulotlar, tilni jilovlash bilan kesish va umuman olganda ko'pchilikning maho munosabati ustunlik munosabatlarini o'rnatish va ularga "kim xo'jayin" ekanligini ko'rsatish uchun otlarni urish odatiy hisoblangan ot sanoati. Ushbu harakat 1970 yilda otlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonunning qabul qilinishiga olib keldi, u yaralashni (tuyoqlarni takoz bilan siqishni) va gingerni (otga jonli munosabatda bo'lish uchun tirnash xususiyati beruvchi moddalarni qo'llash). 1950 va 2010 yillar orasida AQShda o'nlab otlarni himoya qilish jamiyatlari tashkil etildi.

Boshqa tortishuvlar

Asr oxiriga yaqin shunga o'xshash amaliyotlarga qarshi yangi polemika paydo bo'ldi poling (otni oyoqlarini yuqoriga ko'tarish uchun sakrashdan o'tayotganda urish), brendlash (Evropa Ittifoqining bir qator mamlakatlarida taqiqlangan), jabduqlar poygasi va chidamlilik poygasi. Amerikalik bir necha guruhlar ot sportini taqiqlashga harakat qilishdi 1996 yil Atlanta Olimpiadasi, sobit to'siqlar otlar uchun xavfli bo'lganini ta'kidlab. Ning rivojlanishi tabiiy otchilik 20-asr oxirida otga nisbatan o'sib borayotgan ushbu sezuvchanlikdan ajralib turolmaydi. Birinchi amaliyotchilar Amerika g'arbiylarini ishlab chiqaruvchilardan paydo bo'ldi. Ular ushbu yondashuvni kovboylarning "otlarni sindirish" bo'yicha odatiy amaliyotiga javoban ishlab chiqishdi, bu yurish uslubiga alternativa taklif qilishdi. Kashshoflar edi Tom Dorrance va Rey Xant. 1980-yillardan boshlab, ushbu tendentsiya o'zini otliq landshaftiga asta-sekin yuklaydi va endi standart sifatida qabul qilinadi. Robert Redfordning muvaffaqiyatli filmi, Ot pichirlovchi (1998), tabiiy tomosha tamoyillarini keng auditoriya orasida ommalashtirdi.

21-asr

21-asrda otni himoya qilish g'amxo'rligi G'arb jamiyatida hanuzgacha mavjud bo'lib, tobora xalqaro miqyosga aylanib bormoqda. Ba'zi professional chavandozlar alohida ajratilgan va suiiste'mol qilish uchun mahkum etilgan. 2008 yilgi Olimpiada o'yinlarida sakrashda to'rtta otda kapsaitsin aniqlandi, u kimyoviy ta'sirga ega bo'lib, teriga tegishi sezgir bo'ladi. Amerikalik shoum-jumper Mixal Morrissey 2010 yilda Florida shtatida bo'lib o'tgan musobaqada otini jazolash uchun 13 zarba bergani uchun 5000 evro miqdorida jarimaga tortildi va uch oyga diskvalifikatsiya qilindi. Burun kamari ostidagi toshlar va elektr toki urishi bilan otlarini o'rgatgani uchun 2012 yil.

2014 yilda INRA Frantsiyadagi otni himoya qilish bo'yicha mavjud qonunlarni hayvonlar farovonligi haqida o'ylagan. Xuddi shu yili, Saudiya Arabistonida otni kaltaklagan video, hayvon juda erkalagan mamlakatda kuchli reaktsiyaga sabab bo'ldi. Oldinga qarab, 21-asrda otlar farovonligi haqida qayg'urish kuchayishi mumkin, bu esa ot poygalarini taqiqlash, minish maktablarini qat'iy tartibga solish va ot bilan do'stlik hissini rivojlantirishga olib kelishi mumkin. kamida Frantsiyada va boshqa G'arb mamlakatlarida.

Premarin

Nomi ostida sotiladigan konjuge estrogenlarni ishlab chiqarish Premarin (boshlang'ich tarkibiy qism homilador homilador siydik bilan) keng tanqid qilinmoqda (shu jumladan tomonidan PETA va Hayvonlarni ozod qilish fronti ) haqoratli sifatida. Kanadada va Xitoyda qariyb 100 ming homilador tugunlar do'konlarda qulflangan; tug'ish tugaganidan ko'p o'tmay o'ldiriladi, toki yana emdirilishi mumkin.^[24][25][26]

Ushbu maralar doimiy chanqovda saqlanadi, shuning uchun ular ko'proq konsentratsiyalashadi va qichishishni keltirib chiqaradigan zond bilan yashaydilar. Ba'zi ma'lumotlarga ko'ra, ular yashash sharoitlari tufayli tez-tez kaltaklanadi va ba'zida tushishadi. Laboratoriyaga ko'plab murojaatlarga qaramay, Premarin ishlab chiqarilishi, ehtimol, bozor o'sib borayotgan sharoitda davom etishi mumkin. Suiiste'mol qilish masalalaridan tashqari, estrogenlar, gormonlar va maresdan kelib chiqadigan yon mahsulotlar ayolda kanserogenligi haqida shubha mavjud.

Rollkur

Atrofdagi tortishuvlar rollkur birinchi bo'lib 2005 yilda nemischa yangiliklar nashr etilishi bilan paydo bo'ldi, bu Hollandiyalik kiyinishga o'rgatish usullarini qoralagan, xususan jilov yordamida otning burnini ko'kragiga majburlash. Maqola ot sporti dunyosida shiddatli munozaralarni keltirib chiqardi, otlarini rollkur bilan o'rgatish va ularga imkon bergan musobaqa tashkilotchilariga qarshi o'lim tahdidiga qadar. 2010 yilda Xalqaro ot sporti federatsiyasi rollkur va kuch ishlatmasdan "past va yumaloq" holatdagi gevşeme o'rtasidagi farqni yaratdi.^[27] Rasmiy taqiqqa qaramay, rollkur bilan shug'ullanadigan murabbiylar yoki chavandozlarga hech qanday tanbeh yoki sanktsiyalar qo'llanilmagan.

Amerika qassobxonalarining yopilishi

AQShda ot so'yish punktlarini yopish atrofida qattiq munozaralar bo'lib o'tdi. Dastlab 2005 yilda taklif qilingan va ilgari surilgan yopilishlar 2013 yildan beri asta-sekinlik bilan olib borilmoqda. Dastlabki g'oya otlarni shafqatsiz o'limdan himoya qilish edi, lekin aslida Amerika zaminidagi so'yish punktlarining yopilishi "istalmagan otlarni" keng ko'lamli transport vositalariga olib o'tishga aylandi. AQSh chegarasi, ular qo'shni mamlakatlarga o'tkaziladi. AQShning ba'zi manbalariga ko'ra, otlardan voz kechish va shafqatsizlarcha harakatlar ko'paygan. The Los Anjeles Tayms boshqa shtatlarga qaraganda ilgari so'yish taqiqlangan Kaliforniyada otlarni suiiste'mol qilish holatlarida ko'proq aralashuvlar haqida xabar bergan; ammo, bu ma'lumotga Davisdagi Kaliforniya universiteti qarama-qarshi bo'lib, ularda yomon muomalalar ko'paymaganligi haqida da'vo qilmoqda. AQSh hududidan istalmagan otlarni so'yish uchun Meksika, Kanada va Braziliyaga jo'natishadi, uzoq masofalarga va jahannam sharoitida so'yish joylariga etib borish uchun yuqori darajadagi stressni yaratadilar. 2013 yilda himoya maqsadida Amerikadagi so'yish punktlarini qayta ochish tavsiya qilindi.

Nyu-Meksiko shtatida otlarni himoya qilish uyushmasining tahdidlaridan g'azablanib, o'z otini otib o'ldirgan videoni tarqatdi. O'z otini o'ldirish AQShda qonuniy bo'lganligi sababli, u sudlanmagan. "Adolat" deb nomlangan ushbu jonivor endi ot so'yish shahidi sifatida nishonlanadi. Ushbu xatti-harakatlar AQShda so'yish atrofidagi tortishuvlarni yanada kuchaytirdi.

Otli aravalar

Ot aravachasi Saxarpur, Hindiston.

Foydalanish bo'yicha 2013 va 2014 yillarda ko'plab tortishuvlar yuzaga keldi ot aravalari shahar sharoitida yoki yo'llarda. Yilda Nyu-York shahri, shahar hokimi bir asr davomida shahar ramzlari bo'lgan otliq aravalarni taqiqlashni taklif qildi Markaziy Park himoya qilish sababli. Biroq, so'rovda ko'chmas mulk sektori bilan til biriktirilishi mumkinligi ko'rsatilgan. Isroil 2014 yilda o'z shaharlarining yo'llari va ko'chalarida otli transport vositalarining harakatlanishini butunlay taqiqlagan, otlar va eshaklarga yomon munosabatda bo'lish bilan kurashgan birinchi mamlakat bo'ldi. Istisno - bu sayyohlik ob'ektlari uchun.^[28] Ushbu aksiya 4000 ta hayvon huquqini qo'llab-quvvatlovchilarini birlashtirgan tinchlik marshiga hamroh bo'ldi.^[29]

Ko'chalarda sayyohlik tashriflariga bag'ishlangan aravakash otlarning o'limi Kartagena, Kolumbiya, yomon muomalada deb tan olingan,^[30] kabi otlarni tashish turg'un sharoitlari mavjud Mumbay, Hindiston.^[31]

Noto'g'ri munosabat belgilari va manbalari

Atlarning farovonligi tushunchasining ta'rifini osonlashtirish uchun INRA "beshta erkinlik "tomonidan belgilanadi Fermer xo'jaliklarida hayvonlarni saqlash bo'yicha kengash 1979 yilda:

• ochlik, tashnalik va to'yib ovqatlanmaslikdan xalos bo'lish
• noqulaylikdan xalos bo'lish
• jismoniy og'riq, kasallik va shikastlanishdan xalos bo'lish
• turning odatdagi xatti-harakatlarini ifoda etish erkinligi
• qo'rquv va xavotirdan xalos bo'lish

Dastlabki uchlikni tanib olish va amalga oshirish oson, ammo oxirgi ikkitasida bu kamdan-kam hollarda bo'ladi. Itlar singari boshqa uy sharoitida yashovchi turlardan farqli o'laroq, otda bir nechta tashqi noqulaylik alomatlari namoyon bo'ladi, xususan, u baqirmaydi. Tez quyruq kirpiklari otning bezovtaligini aks ettiradi, shuningdek, hasharotlarni qaytarish vositasi bo'lishi mumkin. Oqsoqlikni aniqlash oson, chunki oyoq-qo'lni ko'tarish yoki unga tegmaslik rad etish og'riqni ko'rsatishi mumkin. Umuman olganda, qattiq terlagan, qo'zg'algan, yotgan yoki erga ag'darilgan yoki titragan ot azob-uqubatlarni boshdan kechirmoqda. Oshqozon tomon qarash kolik belgisidir. Boshini quloqlari bilan yotgan holda ushlab turish qimmatli tushunchalarni beradi. Psixologik bezovtalik atrof-muhitga bo'lgan qiziqish va depressiyaga o'xshash boshqa alomatlar bilan namoyon bo'ladi. Ishning keskin pasayishi yoki ishdagi qattiqlik yashirin jismoniy muammoni ko'rsatishi mumkin.

Juda ozg'in ot aniq azob chekayotgan bo'lsa ham, semirish holatini aniqlash qiyinroq bo'lib, shuncha jismoniy muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi, shu jumladan laminit xavfi yuqori. Aksincha, ingichka otga yomon munosabatda bo'lish shart emas, chunki qarish kasalliklarga moyillikni oshiradi va og'irlik orttirishda qiyinchilik tug'diradi. Tuyoqlarning holati ham ko'rsatkichdir. Tuyoqlari juda uzun (shu jumladan, oyoq terisi) yoki bo'linib ketgan otga e'tibor berilmaydi va azoblanadi.

Hissiy omillar bezovtalikka olib kelishi mumkin deb taxmin qilinadi. Agar otlarga ko'z qarash paytida noqulaylik alomatlari sezilmasa, bitta tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatadiki, ular qarovchining hissiy holatini sezadi va unga ta'sir qiladi. Ularning yurak urishi otlardan qo'rqish yoki uni yoqtirmasligini da'vo qiladigan odam oldida kuchayadi, hayvonni sevadigan yoki unga nisbatan betaraf bo'lganlarning huzurida esa odatiy bo'lib qoladi.^[32]

Bahsli amaliyotlar

Inson uy otiga qo'yadigan yashash sharoitlari to'g'risida ko'plab savollar tug'iladi. Ular yovvoyi tabiatda turlarning hayotidan tez-tez uzoqlashadi. Ot tabiatan xushmuomala hayvondir, u izolyatsiyaga unchalik ta'sir qilmaydi. Hatto tushkunlikka tushishi va aloqa zarurligi qondirilmasa, ovqatlanishni to'xtatishi mumkin. Shu bilan birga, ot ko'p hollarda bexabarlik yoki beparvolik oqibatida bilmagan holda azob chekishi mumkin. Inson shuningdek, ot doimiy ravishda mavjud bo'lishi kerakligiga ishonishga moyil. Otlarga taqdim etiladigan yashash sharoitidagi kamomad odam va ot munosabatlarida ko'pincha muammolarni keltirib chiqaradi.

Jismoniy aralashuvlar

Ot turli xil jismoniy aralashuvlardan o'tishi mumkin, shu jumladan kastratsiya, docking (quyruqni kesish), markalash yoki mo'ylovni kesish. Otning jismoniy yaxlitligiga hujumlar otlarning farovonligi nuqtai nazaridan axloqiy savol tug'diradi. Boshqa turlarda bo'lgani kabi, ot mo'ylovi - bu uning ko'rish doirasidan tashqarida atrof-muhitni idrok etishga yordam beradigan taktil organlar (burun va og'iz atrofida joylashgan). Shveytsariya va Germaniyada taqiqlangan mo'ylovlarni soqol qilish, hayvonning idrokini kamaytirish orqali sezilarli noqulaylik tug'diradi, bu esa ularni narsalarga urilib ketishiga olib kelishi mumkin.

Kastratsiya

Kastratsiya birinchi navbatda odamlarga qulay bo'lishi uchun qo'llaniladi, chunki u odatda erkak otni muloyim va muomalasini osonlashtiradi va erkaklar o'rtasida jang qilish xavfini kamaytiradi, shu bilan birga fermalarda genofondni boshqarishga imkon beradi. Suisse de médecine equine Instituti (ISME) veterinar vrachi Päivi Nussbaumerning so'zlariga ko'ra, "jarrohlik kastratsiyasi talabchan, og'riqli va og'ir asoratlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin".

Oyoq kiyimi, yara va boshqa oyoq aralashuvi

Poyafzal ishi alohida. Dastlab bu otlarning oyoqlarini turli xil qattiq sirtlarda eskirishdan himoya qilish vositasi edi. Biroq, uning foydaliligi, "yalangoyoq" bo'lishni otning tabiatiga ko'proq mos keladi, deb hisoblaydigan chavandozlar soni tobora ko'payib bormoqda. Per Enoffning so'zlariga ko'ra, otga poyabzal kerak emas, bu harakatlanish va hissiy idrokni puchga chiqaradi, chunki uni faqat tuyoq devorlariga tayanishga majbur qiladi, tagliklardan foydalana olmaydi yoki erning holatini baholay olmaydi. Ot dunyosidagi mutaxassislarning, shu jumladan farierlarning ustun istiqbollari poyafzallarni tuyoqni himoya qilish deb bilishdir. Xuddi shunday, yalangoyoq yondashuvga juda tez o'tish, agar oyoqlari tayyor bo'lmasa, uzoq vaqt poyabzal bilan yashagan otlarga zararli bo'lishi mumkin.

Aksincha, Tennesi shtatidagi yaralash amaliyoti har xil veterinariya shifokorlari va ot mutaxassislari tomonidan suiiste'mol sifatida qoralanmoqda. 1970 yildagi Otlarni himoya qilish to'g'risidagi qonun bilan taqiqlangan ushbu amaliyot og'ir tuynukli takozdan foydalanib, oldingi tuyoqlarni siqib, otni g'ayritabiiy yo'l bilan harakatlanishga majbur qiladi.

Brendlash

Markalash avvalgiga qaraganda kamroq tarqalgan. Frantsiya va Germaniyada uning asosiy maqsadi hayvonlarni marketing va targ'ib qilishdir. Yo'qolgan yoki o'g'irlangan hayvonlarni identifikatsiya qilish yoki egalik huquqini tasdiqlash uchun brendlashdan foydalanish elektron chipni ommalashtirish bilan eskirgan. Göttingen Universitetida o'tkazilgan tadqiqotga ko'ra (2013), xaridorlar markali otlar uchun 12% ko'proq to'lashga tayyor. Brendlash kuchli og'riqni keltirib chiqaradi va shafqatsiz harakat sifatida ko'rilishi mumkin, "urf-odat va marketing nomi bilan azob chekish". Qizil temir terini 700 daraja issiqlikka ta'sir qiladi. Markali otda markalash kunida tana harorati 4 ° S ga, keyingi olti kunda esa 2 dan 4 ° S gacha ko'tariladi. Belgilangan tana qismida nekrotik go'sht bilan uchinchi darajali kuyishga xos jarohatlar mavjud.

Quyruq aralashuvi

Otning dumida, asosan, estetik sabablarga ko'ra ko'plab aralashuvlar mavjud (amaliy sabablar ot aravalaridan keng foydalanish bilan g'oyib bo'ldi). Sandra Tozzinining so'zlariga ko'ra, ushbu amaliyotlar axloqiy jihatdan aybdor, hatto "jinoyatchi" va azob-uqubatlarni "sababsiz" keltirib chiqaradi. Quyruqni kesish yoki uni sun'iy ravishda ko'tarish ko'pincha otning qadamlarida harakatni kuchayishiga olib keladi.

Docking - bu dumga nisbatan eng keng tarqalgan aralashuv. Koksiksin so'nggi umurtqalarini kesish yo'li bilan olib tashlash, qisqa quyruq yoki dumaloq dumg'aza hosil qiladi. Docking deyarli faqat ot otish va urish bo'yicha amalga oshiriladi. Anglo-sakson dunyosiga xos noyob, nikerlash - bu quyruqni ko'tarish ta'siriga ega bo'lgan quyruq mushaklarining bo'limi. Mushak atrofiyasi jarayonini yakunlash uchun hayvon operatsiyadan so'ng "quyruq to'plami" moslamasini kiyishi kerak. Ushbu qurilma yoqimsiz va otning tashqariga chiqishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi. Quyruqni blokirovka qilish bu qo'shimchaning harakatini boshqaradigan, otning dumini siljishini oldini oladigan asabga spirtli ichimliklarni kiritish yo'li bilan amalga oshiriladi. Ushbu amaliyot avvalgilariga qaraganda kamroq invaziv bo'lib, otning noqulayligini ko'rsatuvchi quyruq harakati diskvalifikatsiya qilinadigan musobaqalarda noqonuniy ravishda qo'llaniladi. Quyruqni blokirovka qilish ataksiya kabi asoratlarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Spirtli ichimliklar, ziravorlar yoki boshqa tirnash xususiyati beruvchi moddalarni anus yoki qin ichiga zanjabil deb atash, otni dumini balandroq ushlab turishga va yanada jozibali taassurot qoldirish uchun ishlatiladi.

Naslchilik

Ko'payish, bolani tarbiyalash yoki shubhali amaliyot va usullardan foydalanishda bo'ladimi, uy otlarining naslchilik sharoitlari yovvoyi tabiatdan sezilarli darajada farq qiladi. Ayolga sovg'a qilishdan oldin uni buzish bilan bog'liq bo'lgan reproduktiv usul - qo'lni ko'paytirish "uyushgan zo'rlash" deb hisoblanadi. Preeplayning etishmasligi биеni vahimaga solishi mumkin.

Eshikni sutdan ajratish odatda olti oyligida onasidan ajralib turadigan fermaga qaraganda yovvoyi tabiatda ancha kech sodir bo'ladi. Olti oylik bola onaning sutidan em-xashak parheziga o'tgan bo'lsa-da, bu onalikdan etagini etarlicha o'rganishini ta'minlash uchun bu ajralish yoshi juda erta hisoblanadi. Bu bolani keyinchalik barqaror nuqsonlarni yoki boshqa muammolarni rivojlanishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Bunga yo'l qo'ymaslikning bir usuli - bu guruhdagi bolalarni sutdan ajratish va guruhda onalardan tashqari bir yoki bir nechta kattalar otlarini ushlab turishdir, shunda ular o'z turlarining ijtimoiy kodlarini o'rganishda davom etishlari mumkin. Yigitcha suti ishlab chiqarish ham axloqiy savol tug'diradi, chunki tug'ruqning borligi sutda sut oqishini ta'minlash uchun zarurdir. Sutni olish, u eshak tomonidan iste'mol qilinmaydi degan ma'noni anglatadi va ikkinchisini so'yish uchun (etishmayotgan holda) sotish ehtimoli katta.

Ayrim yosh bolakaylarning egalari ularni haddan tashqari ko'tarib, bolani odamni o'z turiga mansub deb hisoblashlariga olib keladi, bu esa xatti-harakatlarida jiddiy muammolarni keltirib chiqarishi mumkin. Hobbles ba'zi katta fermer xo'jaliklarida otlarning uzoqlashishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun yarim erkinlikni ta'minlash uchun ishlatiladi. Xobbilar ularni qadamma-qadam harakatlanishiga majbur qilishdan tashqari, og'riq keltiradi.

Ba'zi nasllarni tanlash mezonlari morfologiyasi tufayli azob chekayotgan otlarning tug'ilishiga sabab bo'ladi. Bunday holat chorak otlar va halter bo'yoq otlari bilan bog'liq bo'lib, ular oyoq-qo'llarini iloji boricha mushaklari bor deb tanlangan, bu esa otning oyoqlariga zarar etkazadi va mushaklarning genetik kasalliklari ko'payishiga yordam beradi. Moreover, these horses are often given steroids and confined in small spaces, to preserve their excessive musculature.

Stabling

Conditions for keeping horses have barely changed in developing countries. In the wild, these animals move 10 to 15 kilometres daily and spend most of their lives grazing on fresh grass.

The horse is usually locked in stables, in a box or a stall, when not in use by humans. The size of the box is reduced (3 to 4 metres per side and 2.5 metres high), while the stall is even smaller. The horse has very little room to move. This confining stable, often reinforced with grills, also deprives it of contact with its peers. Its food is often thrown on the floor, where it is sometimes forced to urinate and defecate. According to the definition of equine welfare advocated by INRA and the Farm Animal Welfare Council, because life in a box or stall prevents the horse from expressing its normal behaviour, it constitutes a form of abuse. Other specialists like Pierre Enoff (who compares the boxed horse to a goldfish in a glass of water) and Laetitia Bataille (who compares the term "equine detention" to prison vocabulary) also believe that the box format causes suffering. The damages caused by this prolonged life in a box or stall are at the root of stable vices. These behavioural problems of domestic horses often come from isolation and lack of exercise. Their expression can be varied. The Institut français du cheval et de l'équitation advises never leaving a horse alone, either in the paddock or in the stable. In the case where a horse is placed in a box or stall, Swiss law requires that the horse is allowed out for at least two hours each day. After all, these living conditions create aggression: the further removed from conditions in the wild, the more relationship problems among horses increase.

Qayrilib olish

Life in the paddock on the surface appears to allow the horse to move and graze freely; however, it is not an absolute guarantee of well-being. The horse remains dependent on humans for care. The case of a stray horse escaping from their paddock may result from external malice, but also from the poor consideration of needs (lack of food, water freezing in the trough in winter, proximity of something frightening...) that drives it to escape. Straying is at the origin of many serious accidents, particularly collisions with vehicles. The design of the paddock also poses a risk to the horse because of hunting: cases of horses killed by stray bullets or deliberately slaughtered are regularly reported.

The use of barbed wire is also a source of accidents. The horse must, in all cases, have a shelter to protect it from the elements and the wind. To better meet the horse's needs while facilitating its maintenance, the Germans created the concept of "active stabling", which is based on new technologies. The horses are housed in groups and automatically fed as they require, with unlimited access to rest and recreation areas.

Transport

The transport of horses is by its nature contrary to the five freedoms because of the lack of available space and the lack of access to food and water. Studies also demonstrate a marked increase in horse stress during transport, particularly at the beginning. This stress decreases with experience, but remains present. Furthermore, the movement of the transport van forces the horse to regularly correct its position, which can cause it fatigue over time. The lack of water is a real problem, as hours sweat a lot during transport. Stops to allow the horse to drink are essential to its welfare, and access to hay is non-negotiable.

Working conditions

Other questions arise with the way in which mankind puts the horse to work. Well-conducted equestrianism is similar to sports training in that it allows the horse to gain flexibility and muscle. The wrong approach to riding, however, causes back pain because of the weight of the rider on the dorsal and thoracic vertebrae. Positioning the neck high and hollow (where the rider keeps his hands high and holds the reins tight) is particularly deleterious. These problems are exacerbated by the excess weight carried by some riders relative to the horse's constitution: according to studies, the rider's weight should not exceed 20 to 29% (including equipment) of the horse's weight. However, certain breeds are better carriers than others, particularly the mixed breeds. The exploitation of certain horses for mounted or harnessed equestrian tourism, in Kamarg among other places, causes considerable suffering through lack of rest or care.

In Russia, Nevzorov High School brought forward a petition requesting a total ban of equestrian and horse sports, arguing that they are against the nature of the horse, causing great pain in its mouth (up to 300 kilograms of pressure per square centimetre) and damage to the neurological system. This petition follows a long investigation into the practices of professional riders, including photographs and autopsies of high-level horses with physical damage due to equestrianism. While the subject was taboo until 2015, a growing number of riders do not ride (or no longer ride) on horseback, believing that this is a source of discomfort for the animal. The sociologist Jérôme Michalon suggests that "this development is in line with that of society". However, Laetitia Bataille calls the idea that all forms of riding are abusive "extremist".

Uskunalar

Equestrianism involves the use of a wide variety of equipment: artificial aids such as the reins and whip, and tack (saddle and bridle with one, two bits, or none). Misuse of this equipment makes riding uncomfortable or even painful for the horse. Nosebands are often too tight, although the official recommendation is to insert two fingers between it and the head. The jaws, which can act upon the tongue or teeth of the horse according to the position of his head, creates pressure which becomes painful when the reins are too tight. If it becomes chronic, the pain degenerates into neuralgia that radiates through the head of the horse, from its ears to the tip of its nose. Among horses that are victims of a hard hand, the tongue can turn blue with the action of the bit and bridle, a "very painful" phenomenon that can cause "irreversible lingual lesions".

To avoid this problem, some riders work without bits, but this type of equipment poses other problems. The so-called "ethological" halters act through pressure points on the hard parts of the head, creating strong pressures over small areas.

The saddle must be well adjusted to the animal's body, but this is not always done. A study in Brazil showed that over 50% of saddles are not adapted to the horse wearing them, with 40% being too far forward on the back. The rider can also misuse the spurs and the whip.

Ot poygasi

Dunyoda ot poygasi, the growth of the young foal is stimulated by a specific diet. These foals are put to work at the age of eighteen months, and those who do not adapt to the racecourse are taken out of service. Those taken out, which are an important part of the slaughter of horses for meat, often develop health and comportment problems.

Jabduqlar poygasiAccording to the Australian scientist Paul McGreevy, the use of the riding crop in horse racing is "the most public and the most televised form of violence in the modern world". It raises a greater ethical problem because of the pain inflicted on an animal generally exhausted from effort. His study demonstrates that the (frequent) use of the crop does not translate into better racing performance, as race horse breeds are already genetically selected to run as fast as possible.^[33] In addition, blows delivered in the last 200 metres of the race often hit the horse in the sensitive part of the abdomen, leaving a very visible mark. The "anti-pain crop" invented in England is actually as painful as others.

The discreet use of electric shocks on racing horses seems to have become widespread since 1974, with hundreds of cases reported. This cruel technique, which aims to make the horses run faster, is evidently officially prohibited.^[34]

Other equestrian sport

Equestrian sports raise the issue of respect for the physical and mental limits of the horse. All equestrian sports require demanding training and can involve doping. Horses react poorly to the incessant repetition of the same exercise. Sports riders also tend to employ coercive mechanical means, including reins and severe bits, to push the horse to maintain the attitude they are looking for over the course of patient training. Some training methods are denounced or even banned for their cruelty. This is the case with rollkur (hyperflexion of the neck) in dressage, banned by the International Equestrian Foundation if obtained by force or maintained for more than ten minutes. Poling, which is to hit the legs of the horse while jumping over obstacles to make it lift them higher, is officially banned in competition and in training. It is still commonly used discreetly. The use of the crop in show-jumping competition does not result in better performance, according to a study conducted in 2013 in the UK. In this sport, other abuses intended to force the horse to "respect" the bars are regularly found: coating the legs with the sensitizing product, training with metal bars that cause great pain when hit, or tightening the rear gaiters in such a way as to act on a tendon.

Endurance competitions are often at the heart of scandals involving the death of mounts during or after the competition, as well as a large number of doping cases. These problems likely result from a cultural conflict between Western and Middle Eastern riders.

Film va televidenie

The use of horses during the filming of television series or films frequently results in problems of animal abuse, as noted by a Hollywood Reporter investigation in 2013. These cases can also occur during the filming of prestigious films, such as Peter Jackson's Hobbit, which saw the death of three horses in New Zealand. The Animal Humane Association recommends replacing horses as often as possible with digital imagery. However, in France, there are no official regulations concerning the safety of horses on film sets.

Horse-fighting

Historically, the use of horses as combat animals was very common, both in the context of war as well as rituals and entertainment such as horse-baiting. Organized stallion fighting persists in Southeast Asia (southern China and the Philippines). This results in numerous injuries. Some blows exchanged cause horses' eyes to be sprung from their sockets. Stallions can even pull the ears off of their rivals. Most animals end up covered in bites.^[35][36] However, "progress" was made in 2014, to the extent that injured Chinese fighting stallions are no longer systematically killed and consumed on the spot by being cooked on the barbeque, but are treated for their injuries.

Rodeo

The rodeo is accused of using various interventions to increase the aggressiveness of the horse before its entrance to the run. Electric shocks are commonly used, leading to the death of an animal in 2012.^[37] The growing controversy around events like the Calgary Stampede and the Houston Rodeo led to a total ban on rodeos in certain parts of the American continent.^[8] Bullfighting involves the participation of a rider, called a picador, whose mount is protected by a caparison, with one or both eyes covered. Rejon bullfighting is practiced only on horseback and without protective caparison. Accidents can always occur, during which horses are punctured by the bull. An editorial in Ot magazine denounced the code of silence that reigns on the subject of the number of horses killed in bullfights. The Anti-Bullfighting Alliance estimates this number to be 20 horses per year.

Qotillik

The consumption of horse meat is an ethical question beyond that of the suffering of the animal. This ethical issue is invoked by animal-protection associations like the SPA, which state that retired horses are slaughtered for meat after having served humans. "After being loved and carefully tended, whatever its merits, the brave horse will not experience a peaceful retreat: at its first failure, it becomes butcher's meat, and will be led to slaughter the very next day". Horses intended for consumption are rarely killed where they lived. The question of equine welfare arises during the transport to slaughter as well as the slaughter itself. These horses often transit through "cattle fairs" where abuses (lack of food and water, beatings) are not uncommon. Breeders are responsible for the sale to slaughterhouses, particularly in the overproduction of racehorses, whereby three-quarters do not pass racecourse selection tests, and in the absence of withdrawal solutions to provide a "second career" to these animals.

EC Regulation 1/2005 sets rules for slaughter throughout the European Union, including obligating the feeding and watering of animals during transport, and banning the transport of sick or injured animals or the use of double-decker trucks. Transport conditions are regularly denounced by animal-welfare groups, and despite the claims of industry professionals they rarely meet regulations. EC Regulation 853/2004 is meant to ensure the prior stunning of the horse to prevent it from suffering. Horsemeat professionals claim that their industry is committed to equine welfare during slaughter. However, slaughtering conditions are frequently denounced in associations in France and Belgium, the Netherlands, and especially the Americas. These associations found and filmed numerous abuses during investigations, such as animals regaining consciousness before being bled and thus suffering greatly.

Eric Baratay and Jean-Pierre Digard explain the rejection of horsemeat consumption in developed countries by a change in the status of the horse, as it is becoming close to a pet. In the United States, the horse has heroic and prestigious cultural baggage that disassociates it from consumable animals in the public's mind.

Associations and protective measures

There are many animal protection associations, whether focused on the horse or not. Among the most active in France are the Brigitte Bardot Foundation (which campaigns against horsemeat consumption), the 30 Million Friends Association, the French League for the Protection of the Horse (the oldest), the Centre d'hébergement des équidés maltraités, and One Voice. At the international level, World Horse Welfare is under the patronage of Princess Anne.

Some countries and states are very invested in the protection of the horse. This is the case in Switzerland, where the latest version of the Ordinance on the Protection of Animals, in force since 1 January 2014, prohibits many interventions on the horse and requires that detention conditions respect its welfare, including regular movement and outings of at least 2 hours per day. California has made the slaughter of horses and their transport to slaughter illegal, and has also banned rodeos. Massachusetts residents advocated for the end of slaughter in 2004. The International Equestrian Federation forbids poling and rollkur if obtained "by force". The French riding federation limited the number of strikes of the crop permitted in jumping courses to three in 1990. Jumping courses and events are increasingly regulated on an international level. The number of daily attempts by the jumping horse is limited and all falls result in elimination. Conversely, many countries have no laws to protect horses or animals in general. This is notably the case in China.

Tanqid

Ushbu bo'lim kabi yozilgan shaxsiy mulohaza, shaxsiy insho yoki bahsli insho Vikipediya tahrirlovchisining shaxsiy his-tuyg'ularini bayon qiladigan yoki mavzu bo'yicha asl dalillarni keltiradigan. Iltimos uni yaxshilashga yordam bering uni qayta yozish orqali entsiklopedik uslub. (2020 yil fevral) (Ushbu shablon xabarini qanday va qachon olib tashlashni bilib oling)

Ethnologist Jean-Pierre Digard is very critical of the horse welfare movement since the late 20th century. He believes that "the increasingly severe critiques made by some protectionist movements" (which he calls "animalitarians") and "complacently relayed and amplified by part of the equestrian press" could result in the banning of equestrian sports and riding, and eventually the total extinction of the horse for lack of use. This opinion, however, is not shared, as teaching a more ethical approach to riding constitutes a barrier to the threat of extinction of the horse for lack of use. In addition, the development of cloning will soon permit the resurrection of extinct species and breeds.

Anthropomorphism and ignorance of the horse, on the other hand, are real obstacles to a proper consideration of animal welfare, as many people wrongly believe themselves to be acting for the "good" of the horse. One example is the proliferation of the "horse rescues via the internet". Calls for donations permit the purchase of horses destined for slaughter, but the people acquiring them do not always have the knowledge or the financial means to ensure their welfare over the long term. These animals are thus condemned to a "slow death". Another example the "false good idea" to ban the slaughter of horses, which has led to even more of the suffering that it was meant to prevent. Similarly, the natural horsemanship approach (treeless saddles, bits without mouthpieces, bare feet...) sometimes leads to the inappropriate use of equipment, or its removal when it is necessary.

Adabiyotlar

Bibliografiya

• C. Wayne McIlwraith and Bernard E. Rollin (2011). John Wiley & Sons (ed.). Equine Welfare. 8 UFAW Animal Welfare. p. 488. ISBN  9781444397819.
• Tozzini S. (2003). "Hair today, gone tomorrow: equine cosmetic crimes and other tails of woe" (PDF). Animal Law Review: 159–181.
• David S. Favre (1993). Michigan State University College of Law (ed.). The Development of Anti-Cruelty Laws During the 1800s.
• William Robert Cook, Hiltrud Strasser and Sabine Kells (2003). Sabine Kells (ed.). Metal in the mouth: the abusive effects of bitted bridles. p. 138. ISBN  9780968598856.